Signaling Pathways
Avraham R, Yarden Y. Feedback regulation of EGFR signalling: decision making by early and delayed loops. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2011 Jan 21;12(2):104–17. doi: 10.1038/nrm3048.; Citi S, Spadaro D, Schneider Y, Stutz J, Pulimeno P. Regulation of small GTPases at epithelial cell-cell junctions. Mol Membr Biol. 2011 Oct;28(7-8):427–44. doi: 10.3109/09687688.2011.603101. PMID: 21781017.; Ritter SL, Hall RA. Fine-tuning of GPCR activity by receptor-interacting proteins. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2009 Dec;10(12):819–30. doi: 10.1038/nrm2803.; Miyazono K, Kamiya Y, Morikawa M. Bone morphogenetic protein receptors and signal transduction. Journal of Biochemistry. 2009 Sep 17;147(1):35–51. doi: 10.1093/jb/mvp148.; Kang JS, Liu C, Derynck R. New regulatory mechanisms of TGF-beta receptor function. Trends Cell Biol. 2009 Aug;19(8):385–94. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2009.05.008. PMID: 19648010.; MacDonald BT, Tamai K, He X. Wnt/ß-Catenin Signaling: Components, Mechanisms, and Diseases. Developmental Cell. 2009 Jul;17(1):9–26. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.06.016.; Angers S, Moon RT. Proximal events in Wnt signal transduction. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2009 Jun 17;10(7):468–77. doi: 10.1038/nrm2717.; Rosenbaum DM, Rasmussen SG, Kobilka BK. The structure and function of G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature. 2009 May 21;459(7245):356–63. PMID: 19458711; PMCID: PMC3967846.; Kopan R, Ilagan MX. The canonical Notch signaling pathway: unfolding the activation mechanism. Cell. 2009 Apr 17;137(2):216–33. PMID: 19379690; PMCID: PMC2827930.; Andrae J, Gallini R, Betsholtz C. Role of platelet-derived growth factors in physiology and medicine. Genes Dev. 2008 May 15;22(10):1276–312. PMID: 18483217; PMCID: PMC2732412.; Oldham WM, Hamm HE. Heterotrimeric G protein activation by G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2008 Jan;9(1):60–71. doi: 10.1038/nrm2299.; Manning BD, Cantley LC. AKT/PKB signaling: navigating downstream. Cell. 2007 Jun 29;129(7):1261–74. PMID: 17604717; PMCID: PMC2756685.; McKay MM, Morrison DK. Integrating signals from RTKs to ERK/MAPK. Oncogene. 2007 May 14;26(22):3113–21. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210394. PMID: 17496910.; Hehlgans S, Haase M, Cordes N. Signalling via integrins: Implications for cell survival and anticancer strategies. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer. 2007 Jan;1775(1):163–80. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.09.001.; Reichardt LF. Neurotrophin-regulated signalling pathways. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006 Sep 29;361(1473):1545–64. PMID: 16939974; PMCID: PMC1664664.; Patterson RL, van Rossum DB, Nikolaidis N, Gill DL, Snyder SH. Phospholipase C-gamma: diverse roles in receptor-mediated calcium signaling. Trends Biochem Sci. 2005 Dec;30(12):688–97. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2005.10.005. PMID: 16260143.; Eswarakumar VP, Lax I, Schlessinger J. Cellular signaling by fibroblast growth factor receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2005 Apr;16(2):139–49. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.01.001. PMID: 15863030.; Wellbrock C, Karasarides M, Marais R. The RAF proteins take centre stage. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2004 Nov;5(11):875–85. doi: 10.1038/nrm1498.; Xie K, Wei D, Shi Q, Huang S. Constitutive and inducible expression and regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2004 Oct;15(5):297–324. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2004.04.003. PMID: 15450248.; Saltiel AR, Kahn CR. Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature. 2001 Dec 13;414(6865):799–806. doi: 10.1038/414799a. PMID: 11742412.
Metabolites
Diphosphoric acid,P-(3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienyl) ester
Formula: C15H28O7P2 (382.1310198)
CAS ID: 13058-04-3
Enzyme
| EC Number | name | full name | note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.- | |||
| 1.1.1.1 | alcohol dehydrogenase | alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase | |
| 1.1.1.105 | all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NAD+) | all-trans retinol:NAD+ oxidoreductase | |
| 1.1.1.300 | NADP-retinol dehydrogenase | retinol:NADP+ oxidoreductase | |
| 1.14.11.65 | [histone H3]-dimethyl-L-lysine9 demethylase | [histone H3]-N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine9,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase | |
| 1.14.13.39 | nitric-oxide synthase (NADPH) | L-arginine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (nitric-oxide-forming) | |
| 1.14.14.1 | unspecific monooxygenase | substrate,NADPH-hemoprotein reductase:oxygen oxidoreductase (RH-hydroxylating or -epoxidizing) | |
| 1.14.99.66 | [histone H3]-N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine4 FAD-dependent demethylase | [histone H3]-N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine4:acceptor oxidoreductase (demethylating) | |
| 1.2.1.19 | aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | 4-aminobutanal:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase | |
| 1.2.1.28 | benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) | benzaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase | |
| 1.2.1.3 | aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) | aldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase | |
| 1.2.1.32 | aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | 2-aminomuconate-6-semialdehyde:NAD+ 6-oxidoreductase | |
| 1.2.1.36 | retinal dehydrogenase | retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase | |
| 1.2.4.1 | pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) | pyruvate:[dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase]-lipoyllysine 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, acceptor-acetylating) | |
| 1.8.1.4 | dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase | protein-N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase | |
| 2.1.1.100 | protein-S-isoprenylcysteine O-methyltransferase | S-adenosyl-L-methionine:protein-C-terminal-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine O-methyltransferase | |
| 2.1.1.319 | type I protein arginine methyltransferase | S-adenosyl-L-methionine:[protein]-L-arginine N-methyltransferase ([protein]-Nomega,Nomega-dimethyl-L-arginine-forming) | |
| 2.1.1.356 | [histone H3]-lysine27 N-trimethyltransferase | S-adenosyl-L-methionine:[histone H3]-L-lysine27 N6-methyltransferase | |
| 2.1.1.367 | [histone H3]-lysine9 N-methyltransferase | S-adenosyl-L-methionine:[histone H3]-L-lysine9 N6-methyltransferase | |
| 2.3.1.12 | dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase | acetyl-CoA:enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine S-acetyltransferase | |
| 2.3.1.225 | protein S-acyltransferase | palmitoyl-CoA:[protein]-L-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase | |
| 2.3.1.48 | histone acetyltransferase | acetyl-CoA:[protein]-L-lysine acetyltransferase | |
| 2.3.2.23 | E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme | S-ubiquitinyl-[E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme]-L-cysteine:[E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme] ubiquitinyl transferase | |
| 2.3.2.24 | (E3-independent) E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme | S-ubiquitinyl-[E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme]-L-cysteine:L-lysine ubiquitinyl transferase ([E3 ubiquitin transferase]-independent) | |
| 2.3.2.26 | HECT-type E3 ubiquitin transferase | [E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme]-S-ubiquitinyl-L-cysteine:[acceptor protein] ubiquitin transferase (isopeptide bond-forming) | |
| 2.3.2.27 | RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase | [E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme]-S-ubiquitinyl-L-cysteine:[acceptor protein] ubiquitin transferase (isopeptide bond-forming; RING-type) | |
| 2.3.2.31 | RBR-type E3 ubiquitin transferase | [E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme]-S-ubiquitinyl-L-cysteine:acceptor protein ubiquitin transferase (isopeptide bond-forming; RBR-type) | |
| 2.3.2.32 | cullin-RING-type E3 NEDD8 transferase | [E2 NEDD8-conjugating enzyme]-S-[NEDD8-protein]-yl-L-cysteine:[cullin] [NEDD8-protein] transferase (isopeptide bond-forming; RING-type) | |
| 2.3.2.34 | E2 NEDD8-conjugating enzyme | [E1 NEDD8-activating enzyme]-S-[NEDD8 protein]-yl-L-cysteine:[E2 NEDD8-conjugating enzyme] [NEDD8-protein]-yl transferase | |
| 2.3.2.36 | RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase (cysteine targeting) | [E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme]-S-ubiquitinyl-L-cysteine:[acceptor protein] ubiquitin transferase (thioester bond-froming; RING-type) | |
| 2.4.1.41 | polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase | UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase | |
| 2.4.2.30 | NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase | NAD+:poly(ADP-D-ribosyl)-acceptor ADP-D-ribosyl-transferase | |
| 2.5.1.58 | protein farnesyltransferase | farnesyl-diphosphate:protein-cysteine farnesyltransferase | |
| 2.5.1.59 | protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I | geranylgeranyl-diphosphate:protein-cysteine geranyltransferase | |
| 2.7.1.137 | phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase | ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.1.149 | 1-phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase | ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-5-phosphate 4-phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.1.153 | phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase | ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.1.154 | phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase | ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4-phosphate 3-phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.1.68 | 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase | ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4-phosphate 5-phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.1.91 | sphingosine kinase | ATP:sphingoid base 1-phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.10.1 | receptor protein-tyrosine kinase | ATP:[protein]-L-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (receptor-type) | |
| 2.7.10.2 | non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase | ATP:[protein]-L-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (non-specific) | |
| 2.7.11.1 | non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase | ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) | |
| 2.7.11.10 | IkappaB kinase | ATP:[IkappaB protein] phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.11.11 | cAMP-dependent protein kinase | ATP:protein Ser/Thr-phosphotransferase (3',5'-cAMP-dependent) | |
| 2.7.11.13 | protein kinase C | ATP:protein phosphotransferase (diacylglycerol-dependent) | |
| 2.7.11.15 | beta-adrenergic-receptor kinase | ATP:[beta-adrenergic receptor] phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.11.17 | Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase | ATP:protein phosphotransferase (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent) | |
| 2.7.11.18 | myosin-light-chain kinase | ATP:[myosin light chain] O-phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.11.2 | [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase | ATP:[pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.11.20 | elongation factor 2 kinase | ATP:[elongation factor 2] phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.11.21 | polo kinase | ATP:protein phosphotransferase (spindle-pole-dependent) | |
| 2.7.11.22 | cyclin-dependent kinase | ATP:cyclin phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.11.23 | [RNA-polymerase]-subunit kinase | ATP:[DNA-directed RNA polymerase] phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.11.24 | mitogen-activated protein kinase | ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKK-activated) | |
| 2.7.11.25 | mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase | ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKKKK-activated) | |
| 2.7.11.26 | tau-protein kinase | ATP:[tau-protein] O-phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.11.30 | receptor protein serine/threonine kinase | ATP:[receptor-protein] phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.12.2 | mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase | ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKKK-activated) | |
| 2.7.7.48 | RNA-directed RNA polymerase | nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed) | |
| 2.7.7.49 | RNA-directed DNA polymerase | deoxynucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed) | |
| 2.7.7.6 | DNA-directed RNA polymerase | nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) | |
| 3.1.1.23 | acylglycerol lipase | glycerol-ester acylhydrolase | |
| 3.1.1.4 | phospholipase A2 | phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase | |
| 3.1.1.5 | lysophospholipase | 2-lysophosphatidylcholine acylhydrolase | |
| 3.1.1.98 | [Wnt protein] O-palmitoleoyl-L-serine hydrolase | [Wnt]-O-(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl-L-serine acylhydrolase | |
| 3.1.3.16 | protein-serine/threonine phosphatase | protein-serine/threonine-phosphate phosphohydrolase | |
| 3.1.3.48 | protein-tyrosine-phosphatase | protein-tyrosine-phosphate phosphohydrolase | |
| 3.1.3.53 | [myosin-light-chain] phosphatase | [myosin-light-chain]-phosphate phosphohydrolase | |
| 3.1.3.67 | phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase | 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphohydrolase | |
| 3.1.3.95 | phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate 3-phosphatase | 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-3,5-bisphosphate 3-phosphohydrolase | |
| 3.1.4.11 | phosphoinositide phospholipase C | 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltrisphosphohydrolase | |
| 3.1.4.17 | 3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase | 3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide 5'-nucleotidohydrolase | |
| 3.1.4.35 | 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase | 3',5'-cyclic-GMP 5'-nucleotidohydrolase | |
| 3.1.4.53 | 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase | 3',5'-cyclic-AMP 5'-nucleotidohydrolase | |
| 3.4.19.12 | ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 | ||
| 3.4.21.106 | hepsin | ||
| 3.4.21.5 | thrombin | ||
| 3.4.21.75 | Furin | ||
| 3.4.22.56 | caspase-3 | ||
| 3.4.22.61 | caspase-8 | ||
| 3.4.22.62 | caspase-9 | ||
| 3.4.23.5 | cathepsin D | ||
| 3.4.24.16 | neurolysin | ||
| 3.4.24.17 | stromelysin 1 | ||
| 3.4.24.71 | endothelin-converting enzyme 1 | ||
| 3.4.24.81 | ADAM10 endopeptidase | ||
| 3.4.24.86 | ADAM 17 endopeptidase | ||
| 3.4.26.1 | intramembrane prenyl-peptidase Rce1 | ||
| 3.5.1.98 | histone deacetylase | histone amidohydrolase | |
| 3.6.4.10 | non-chaperonin molecular chaperone ATPase | ATP phosphohydrolase (polypeptide-polymerizing) | |
| 3.6.4.12 | DNA helicase | ||
| 3.6.4.13 | RNA helicase | ||
| 3.6.4.6 | vesicle-fusing ATPase | ATP phosphohydrolase (vesicle-fusing) | |
| 3.6.5.2 | small monomeric GTPase | GTP phosphohydrolase (cell-regulating) | |
| 5.2.1.8 | peptidylprolyl isomerase | Peptidylproline cis-trans-isomerase | |
| 5.3.4.1 | protein disulfide-isomerase | Protein disulfide-isomerase | |
| 5.3.99.3 | prostaglandin-E synthase | (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha-Epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate E-isomerase | |
| 5.6.1.6 | channel-conductance-controlling ATPase | ATP phosphohydrolase (channel-conductance-controlling) | |
| 7.6.2.1 | P-type phospholipid transporter | ATP phosphohydrolase (P-type, phospholipid-flipping) |
Proteins
| Protein ID | name | full name |
|---|