Signaling Pathways

Avraham R, Yarden Y. Feedback regulation of EGFR signalling: decision making by early and delayed loops. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2011 Jan 21;12(2):104–17. doi: 10.1038/nrm3048.; Citi S, Spadaro D, Schneider Y, Stutz J, Pulimeno P. Regulation of small GTPases at epithelial cell-cell junctions. Mol Membr Biol. 2011 Oct;28(7-8):427–44. doi: 10.3109/09687688.2011.603101. PMID: 21781017.; Ritter SL, Hall RA. Fine-tuning of GPCR activity by receptor-interacting proteins. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2009 Dec;10(12):819–30. doi: 10.1038/nrm2803.; Miyazono K, Kamiya Y, Morikawa M. Bone morphogenetic protein receptors and signal transduction. Journal of Biochemistry. 2009 Sep 17;147(1):35–51. doi: 10.1093/jb/mvp148.; Kang JS, Liu C, Derynck R. New regulatory mechanisms of TGF-beta receptor function. Trends Cell Biol. 2009 Aug;19(8):385–94. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2009.05.008. PMID: 19648010.; MacDonald BT, Tamai K, He X. Wnt/ß-Catenin Signaling: Components, Mechanisms, and Diseases. Developmental Cell. 2009 Jul;17(1):9–26. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.06.016.; Angers S, Moon RT. Proximal events in Wnt signal transduction. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2009 Jun 17;10(7):468–77. doi: 10.1038/nrm2717.; Rosenbaum DM, Rasmussen SG, Kobilka BK. The structure and function of G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature. 2009 May 21;459(7245):356–63. PMID: 19458711; PMCID: PMC3967846.; Kopan R, Ilagan MX. The canonical Notch signaling pathway: unfolding the activation mechanism. Cell. 2009 Apr 17;137(2):216–33. PMID: 19379690; PMCID: PMC2827930.; Andrae J, Gallini R, Betsholtz C. Role of platelet-derived growth factors in physiology and medicine. Genes Dev. 2008 May 15;22(10):1276–312. PMID: 18483217; PMCID: PMC2732412.; Oldham WM, Hamm HE. Heterotrimeric G protein activation by G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2008 Jan;9(1):60–71. doi: 10.1038/nrm2299.; Manning BD, Cantley LC. AKT/PKB signaling: navigating downstream. Cell. 2007 Jun 29;129(7):1261–74. PMID: 17604717; PMCID: PMC2756685.; McKay MM, Morrison DK. Integrating signals from RTKs to ERK/MAPK. Oncogene. 2007 May 14;26(22):3113–21. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210394. PMID: 17496910.; Hehlgans S, Haase M, Cordes N. Signalling via integrins: Implications for cell survival and anticancer strategies. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer. 2007 Jan;1775(1):163–80. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.09.001.; Reichardt LF. Neurotrophin-regulated signalling pathways. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006 Sep 29;361(1473):1545–64. PMID: 16939974; PMCID: PMC1664664.; Patterson RL, van Rossum DB, Nikolaidis N, Gill DL, Snyder SH. Phospholipase C-gamma: diverse roles in receptor-mediated calcium signaling. Trends Biochem Sci. 2005 Dec;30(12):688–97. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2005.10.005. PMID: 16260143.; Eswarakumar VP, Lax I, Schlessinger J. Cellular signaling by fibroblast growth factor receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2005 Apr;16(2):139–49. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.01.001. PMID: 15863030.; Wellbrock C, Karasarides M, Marais R. The RAF proteins take centre stage. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2004 Nov;5(11):875–85. doi: 10.1038/nrm1498.; Xie K, Wei D, Shi Q, Huang S. Constitutive and inducible expression and regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2004 Oct;15(5):297–324. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2004.04.003. PMID: 15450248.; Saltiel AR, Kahn CR. Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature. 2001 Dec 13;414(6865):799–806. doi: 10.1038/414799a. PMID: 11742412.

Metabolites

(S)-Lactate

Formula: C3H6O3 (90.0316926)

CAS ID: 79-33-4

11-cis-Retinal

Formula: C20H28O (284.2140038)

CAS ID: 564-87-4

11-cis-Retinol

Formula: C20H30O (286.229653)

CAS ID: 22737-96-8

2-Arachidonoylglycerol

Formula: C23H38O4 (378.2769948)

CAS ID: 53847-30-6

9-cis-Retinal

Formula: C20H28O (284.2140038)

CAS ID: 514-85-2

9-cis-Retinoic acid

Formula: C20H28O2 (300.2089188)

CAS ID: 5300-03-8

Acetate

Formula: C2H4O2 (60.0211284)

CAS ID: 64-19-7

Acetylcholine

Formula: C7H16NO2 (146.1180976)

CAS ID: 51-84-3

Adenosine

Formula: C10H13N5O4 (267.09674980000005)

CAS ID: 58-61-7

Calcium cation

Formula: Ca (39.962591)

CAS ID: 14127-61-8

Cholesterol

Formula: C27H46O (386.3548466)

CAS ID: 57-88-5

Fe2+

Formula: Fe (55.934939)

CAS ID: 15438-31-0

Fe3+

Formula: Fe (55.934939)

CAS ID: 7439-89-6

FMLP

Formula: C21H31N3O5S (437.19843160000005)

CAS ID: 59880-97-6

Glycerol

Formula: C3H8O3 (92.0473418)

CAS ID: 56-81-5

H+

Formula: H (1.0078246)

CAS ID: 12408-02-5

H2O

Formula: H2O (18.0105642)

CAS ID: 7732-18-5

Magnesium cation

Formula: Mg (23.98505)

CAS ID: 22537-22-0

Manganese(2+)

Formula: Mn (54.938046)

CAS ID: 7439-96-5

Melatonin

Formula: C13H16N2O2 (232.1211716)

CAS ID: 73-31-4

NADP+

Formula: C21H29N7O17P3 (744.0832754)

CAS ID: 53-59-8

NADPH

Formula: C21H30N7O17P3 (745.0911)

CAS ID: 2646-71-1

Nicotinamide

Formula: C6H6N2O (122.0480106)

CAS ID: 98-92-0

Nitric oxide

Formula: NO (29.997989)

CAS ID: 10102-43-9

Oxygen

Formula: O2 (31.98983)

CAS ID: 7782-44-7

Phenethylamine

Formula: C8H11N (121.0891446)

CAS ID: 64-04-0

Potassium cation

Formula: K (38.963708)

CAS ID: 24203-36-9

Progesterone

Formula: C21H30O2 (314.224568)

CAS ID: 57-83-0

Retinal

Formula: C20H28O (284.2140038)

CAS ID: 116-31-4

Retinoate

Formula: C20H28O2 (300.2089188)

CAS ID: 302-79-4

Retinol

Formula: C20H30O (286.229653)

CAS ID: 68-26-8

Superoxide

Formula: O2 (31.98983)

CAS ID: 11062-77-4

Zinc cation

Formula: Zn (63.929145)

CAS ID: 23713-49-7

27-Hydroxycholesterol

Formula: C27H46O2 (402.34976159999997)

CAS ID: 20380-11-4

N-Arachidonoylglycine

Formula: C22H35NO3 (361.26168000000007)

CAS ID: 179113-91-8

Acitretin

Formula: C21H26O3 (326.1881846)

CAS ID: 55079-83-9

L-argininium(1+)

Formula: C6H15N4O2 (175.119495)

CAS ID: 17806-42-7

PC O-18:0/2:0

Formula: C28H58NO7P (551.3950688)

CAS ID: 74389-69-8

2-oxoglutarate(2-)

Formula: C5H4O5 (144.00587339999998)

CAS ID: 64-15-3

succinate(2-)

Formula: C4H4O4 (116.01095839999999)

CAS ID: 56-14-4

dichloroacetate

Formula: C2HCl2O2 (126.93536060000001)

CAS ID: 13425-80-4

pyruvate

Formula: C3H3O3 (87.00821880000001)

CAS ID: 57-60-3

hexadecanoate

Formula: C16H31O2 (255.2323926)

CAS ID: 143-20-4

phosphate(3-)

Formula: O4P (94.953423)

CAS ID: 14265-44-2

palmitoyl-CoA(4-)

Formula: C37H62N7O17P3S (1001.3135592)

CAS ID: 1763-10-6

NADPH(4-)

Formula: C21H26N7O17P3 (741.0598016)

CAS ID: 53-57-6

ATP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O13P3 (502.9644492)

CAS ID:

GTP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O14P3 (518.9593642)

CAS ID: 86527-72-2

NAD(1-)

Formula: C21H26N7O14P2 (662.1012936000001)

CAS ID: 53-84-9

UDP(3-)

Formula: C9H11N2O12P2 (400.9787246)

CAS ID: 86527-70-0

ADP(3-)

Formula: C10H12N5O10P2 (424.0059412)

CAS ID:

3',5'-cyclic AMP(1-)

Formula: C10H11N5O6P (328.0446936)

CAS ID: 62906-31-4

NADP(3-)

Formula: C21H25N7O17P3 (740.051977)

CAS ID: 53-59-8

histaminium

Formula: C5H10N3 (112.087468)

CAS ID: 65592-96-3

Palmostatin B

Formula: C23H36O4 (376.2613456)

CAS ID:

Cysmethynil

Formula: C25H32N2O (376.25145019999997)

CAS ID: 851636-83-4



Enzyme

EC Number name full name note
1.1.1.-
1.1.1.1 alcohol dehydrogenase alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
1.1.1.105 all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NAD+) all-trans retinol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
1.1.1.300 NADP-retinol dehydrogenase retinol:NADP+ oxidoreductase
1.14.11.65 [histone H3]-dimethyl-L-lysine9 demethylase [histone H3]-N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine9,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase
1.14.13.39 nitric-oxide synthase (NADPH) L-arginine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (nitric-oxide-forming)
1.14.14.1 unspecific monooxygenase substrate,NADPH-hemoprotein reductase:oxygen oxidoreductase (RH-hydroxylating or -epoxidizing)
1.14.99.66 [histone H3]-N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine4 FAD-dependent demethylase [histone H3]-N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine4:acceptor oxidoreductase (demethylating)
1.2.1.19 aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase 4-aminobutanal:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase
1.2.1.28 benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) benzaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase
1.2.1.3 aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) aldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase
1.2.1.32 aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase 2-aminomuconate-6-semialdehyde:NAD+ 6-oxidoreductase
1.2.1.36 retinal dehydrogenase retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
1.2.4.1 pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) pyruvate:[dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase]-lipoyllysine 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, acceptor-acetylating)
1.8.1.4 dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase protein-N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase
2.1.1.100 protein-S-isoprenylcysteine O-methyltransferase S-adenosyl-L-methionine:protein-C-terminal-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine O-methyltransferase
2.1.1.319 type I protein arginine methyltransferase S-adenosyl-L-methionine:[protein]-L-arginine N-methyltransferase ([protein]-Nomega,Nomega-dimethyl-L-arginine-forming)
2.1.1.356 [histone H3]-lysine27 N-trimethyltransferase S-adenosyl-L-methionine:[histone H3]-L-lysine27 N6-methyltransferase
2.1.1.367 [histone H3]-lysine9 N-methyltransferase S-adenosyl-L-methionine:[histone H3]-L-lysine9 N6-methyltransferase
2.3.1.12 dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase acetyl-CoA:enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine S-acetyltransferase
2.3.1.225 protein S-acyltransferase palmitoyl-CoA:[protein]-L-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase
2.3.1.48 histone acetyltransferase acetyl-CoA:[protein]-L-lysine acetyltransferase
2.3.2.23 E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme S-ubiquitinyl-[E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme]-L-cysteine:[E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme] ubiquitinyl transferase
2.3.2.24 (E3-independent) E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme S-ubiquitinyl-[E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme]-L-cysteine:L-lysine ubiquitinyl transferase ([E3 ubiquitin transferase]-independent)
2.3.2.26 HECT-type E3 ubiquitin transferase [E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme]-S-ubiquitinyl-L-cysteine:[acceptor protein] ubiquitin transferase (isopeptide bond-forming)
2.3.2.27 RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase [E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme]-S-ubiquitinyl-L-cysteine:[acceptor protein] ubiquitin transferase (isopeptide bond-forming; RING-type)
2.3.2.31 RBR-type E3 ubiquitin transferase [E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme]-S-ubiquitinyl-L-cysteine:acceptor protein ubiquitin transferase (isopeptide bond-forming; RBR-type)
2.3.2.32 cullin-RING-type E3 NEDD8 transferase [E2 NEDD8-conjugating enzyme]-S-[NEDD8-protein]-yl-L-cysteine:[cullin] [NEDD8-protein] transferase (isopeptide bond-forming; RING-type)
2.3.2.34 E2 NEDD8-conjugating enzyme [E1 NEDD8-activating enzyme]-S-[NEDD8 protein]-yl-L-cysteine:[E2 NEDD8-conjugating enzyme] [NEDD8-protein]-yl transferase
2.3.2.36 RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase (cysteine targeting) [E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme]-S-ubiquitinyl-L-cysteine:[acceptor protein] ubiquitin transferase (thioester bond-froming; RING-type)
2.4.1.41 polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase
2.4.2.30 NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase NAD+:poly(ADP-D-ribosyl)-acceptor ADP-D-ribosyl-transferase
2.5.1.58 protein farnesyltransferase farnesyl-diphosphate:protein-cysteine farnesyltransferase
2.5.1.59 protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I geranylgeranyl-diphosphate:protein-cysteine geranyltransferase
2.7.1.137 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphotransferase
2.7.1.149 1-phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-5-phosphate 4-phosphotransferase
2.7.1.153 phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-phosphotransferase
2.7.1.154 phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4-phosphate 3-phosphotransferase
2.7.1.68 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4-phosphate 5-phosphotransferase
2.7.1.91 sphingosine kinase ATP:sphingoid base 1-phosphotransferase
2.7.10.1 receptor protein-tyrosine kinase ATP:[protein]-L-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (receptor-type)
2.7.10.2 non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase ATP:[protein]-L-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (non-specific)
2.7.11.1 non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific)
2.7.11.10 IkappaB kinase ATP:[IkappaB protein] phosphotransferase
2.7.11.11 cAMP-dependent protein kinase ATP:protein Ser/Thr-phosphotransferase (3',5'-cAMP-dependent)
2.7.11.13 protein kinase C ATP:protein phosphotransferase (diacylglycerol-dependent)
2.7.11.15 beta-adrenergic-receptor kinase ATP:[beta-adrenergic receptor] phosphotransferase
2.7.11.17 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ATP:protein phosphotransferase (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent)
2.7.11.18 myosin-light-chain kinase ATP:[myosin light chain] O-phosphotransferase
2.7.11.2 [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase ATP:[pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] phosphotransferase
2.7.11.20 elongation factor 2 kinase ATP:[elongation factor 2] phosphotransferase
2.7.11.21 polo kinase ATP:protein phosphotransferase (spindle-pole-dependent)
2.7.11.22 cyclin-dependent kinase ATP:cyclin phosphotransferase
2.7.11.23 [RNA-polymerase]-subunit kinase ATP:[DNA-directed RNA polymerase] phosphotransferase
2.7.11.24 mitogen-activated protein kinase ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKK-activated)
2.7.11.25 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKKKK-activated)
2.7.11.26 tau-protein kinase ATP:[tau-protein] O-phosphotransferase
2.7.11.30 receptor protein serine/threonine kinase ATP:[receptor-protein] phosphotransferase
2.7.12.2 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKKK-activated)
2.7.7.48 RNA-directed RNA polymerase nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed)
2.7.7.49 RNA-directed DNA polymerase deoxynucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed)
2.7.7.6 DNA-directed RNA polymerase nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed)
3.1.1.23 acylglycerol lipase glycerol-ester acylhydrolase
3.1.1.4 phospholipase A2 phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase
3.1.1.5 lysophospholipase 2-lysophosphatidylcholine acylhydrolase
3.1.1.98 [Wnt protein] O-palmitoleoyl-L-serine hydrolase [Wnt]-O-(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl-L-serine acylhydrolase
3.1.3.16 protein-serine/threonine phosphatase protein-serine/threonine-phosphate phosphohydrolase
3.1.3.48 protein-tyrosine-phosphatase protein-tyrosine-phosphate phosphohydrolase
3.1.3.53 [myosin-light-chain] phosphatase [myosin-light-chain]-phosphate phosphohydrolase
3.1.3.67 phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphohydrolase
3.1.3.95 phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate 3-phosphatase 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-3,5-bisphosphate 3-phosphohydrolase
3.1.4.11 phosphoinositide phospholipase C 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltrisphosphohydrolase
3.1.4.17 3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide 5'-nucleotidohydrolase
3.1.4.35 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase 3',5'-cyclic-GMP 5'-nucleotidohydrolase
3.1.4.53 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase 3',5'-cyclic-AMP 5'-nucleotidohydrolase
3.4.19.12 ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1
3.4.21.106 hepsin
3.4.21.5 thrombin
3.4.21.75 Furin
3.4.22.56 caspase-3
3.4.22.61 caspase-8
3.4.22.62 caspase-9
3.4.23.5 cathepsin D
3.4.24.16 neurolysin
3.4.24.17 stromelysin 1
3.4.24.71 endothelin-converting enzyme 1
3.4.24.81 ADAM10 endopeptidase
3.4.24.86 ADAM 17 endopeptidase
3.4.26.1 intramembrane prenyl-peptidase Rce1
3.5.1.98 histone deacetylase histone amidohydrolase
3.6.4.10 non-chaperonin molecular chaperone ATPase ATP phosphohydrolase (polypeptide-polymerizing)
3.6.4.12 DNA helicase
3.6.4.13 RNA helicase
3.6.4.6 vesicle-fusing ATPase ATP phosphohydrolase (vesicle-fusing)
3.6.5.2 small monomeric GTPase GTP phosphohydrolase (cell-regulating)
5.2.1.8 peptidylprolyl isomerase Peptidylproline cis-trans-isomerase
5.3.4.1 protein disulfide-isomerase Protein disulfide-isomerase
5.3.99.3 prostaglandin-E synthase (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha-Epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate E-isomerase
5.6.1.6 channel-conductance-controlling ATPase ATP phosphohydrolase (channel-conductance-controlling)
7.6.2.1 P-type phospholipid transporter ATP phosphohydrolase (P-type, phospholipid-flipping)


Proteins

Protein ID name full name