Cholesterol (BioCAD00000008423)

bile blood cerebrospinal fluid (csf) feces saliva urine all tissues placenta prostate plant natural products microbial natural products

Metabolite Card

Formula: C27H46O (386.3548)
SMILES: [H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC=C4C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C

Synonyms [en]

cholesterol; Cholest-5-en-3beta-ol; Cholesterin; (3beta)-cholest-5-en-3-ol; Cholesteryl alcohol; Dastar

Reviewed

Last reviewed on 2024-06-28.

Cite this Page

Cholesterol. 数据之源，洞见之始. SMRUCC genomics institute, a synthetic life researcher from China. https://biocad_registry.innovation.ac.cn/s/(-)-arctiin (retrieved 2026-01-03) (CAD Registry RN: BioCAD00000008423). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Note

Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The name originates from the Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), and the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol. This is because researchers first identified cholesterol in solid form in gallstones in 1784. In the body, cholesterol can exist in either the free form or as an ester with a single fatty acid (of 10-20 carbons in length) covalently attached to the hydroxyl group at position 3 of the cholesterol ring. Due to the mechanism of synthesis, plasma cholesterol esters tend to contain relatively high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Most of the cholesterol consumed as a dietary lipid exists as cholesterol esters. Cholesterol esters have a lower solubility in water than cholesterol and are more hydrophobic. They are hydrolyzed by the pancreatic enzyme cholesterol esterase to produce cholesterol and free fatty acids. Cholesterol has vital structural roles in membranes and in lipid metabolism in general. It is a biosynthetic precursor of bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, estrogens, progesterones, androgens and aldosterone). In addition, it contributes to the development and functioning of the central nervous system, and it has major functions in signal transduction and sperm development. Cholesterol is a ubiquitous component of all animal tissues where much of it is located in the membranes, although it is not evenly distributed. The highest proportion of unesterified cholesterol is in the plasma membrane (roughly 30-50% of the lipid in the membrane or 60-80% of the cholesterol in the cell), while mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have very low cholesterol contents. Cholesterol is also enriched in early and recycling endosomes, but not in late endosomes. The brain contains more cholesterol than any other organ where it comprises roughly a quarter of the total free cholesterol in the human body. Of all the organic constituents of blood, only glucose is present in a higher molar concentration than cholesterol. Cholesterol esters appear to be the preferred form for transport in plasma and as a biologically inert storage (de-toxified) form. They do not contribute to membranes but are packed into intracellular lipid particles. Cholesterol molecules (i.e. cholesterol esters) are transported throughout the body via lipoprotein particles. The largest lipoproteins, which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver, are called chylomicrons. They carry mostly triglyceride fats and cholesterol that are from food, especially internal cholesterol secreted by the liver into the bile. In the liver, chylomicron particles give up triglycerides and some cholesterol. They are then converted into low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, which carry triglycerides and cholesterol on to other body cells. In healthy individuals, the LDL particles are large and relatively few in number. In contrast, large numbers of small LDL particles are strongly associated with promoting atheromatous disease within the arteries. (Lack of information on LDL particle number and size is one of the major problems of conventional lipid tests.). In conditions with elevated concentrations of oxidized LDL particles, especially small LDL particles, cholesterol promotes atheroma plaque deposits in the walls of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major contributor to coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease. There is a worldwide trend to believe that lower total cholesterol levels tend to correlate with lower atherosclerosis event rates (though some studies refute this idea). As a result, cholesterol has become a very large focus for the scientific community trying to determine the proper amount of cholesterol needed in a healthy diet. However, the primary association of atherosclerosis with cholesterol has always been specifically with cholesterol transport patterns, not total cholesterol per se. For example, total cholesterol can be low, yet made up primarily of small LDL and small HDL particles and atheroma growth rates are high. In contrast, however, if LDL particle number is low (mostly large particles) and a large percentage of the HDL particles are large (HDL is actively reverse transporting cholesterol), then atheroma growth rates are usually low, even negative, for any given total cholesterol concentration. These effects are further complicated by the relative concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in the endothelium since ADMA down-regulates production of nitric oxide, a relaxant of the endothelium. Thus, high levels of ADMA, associated with highly oxidized levels of LDL, pose a heightened risk factor for vascular disease. Chronically high levels of cholesterol are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism, including cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, cholesteryl ester storage disease, congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, hypercholesterolemia, and Zellweger syndrome. In chronically high levels, cholesterol can function as an atherogen (causes atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease). Specifically, chronically high levels (from diet or from genetic predisposition or from diseases such as hyperlipidemia) of cholesterol and cholesterol esters lead to an excess of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. In healthy individuals, the LDL particles are large and relatively few in number. In contrast, large numbers of small LDL particles are strongly associated with promoting atheromatous disease within the arteries. In conditions with elevated concentrations of oxidized LDL particles, especially small LDL particles, cholesterol promotes atheroma plaque deposits in the walls of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major contributor to coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease. Resistin, a protein secreted by fat tissue, has been shown to increase the production of LDL in human liver cells and also degrades LDL receptors in the liver. As a result, the liver is less able to clear cholesterol from the bloodstream. Resistin accelerates the accumulation of LDL in arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease. Cholesterol is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and basic.

Cytoplasm Extracellular Membrane Mitochondria Lysosome Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus
Entity Information

DBLinks

Other DBLinks
  • CAS Registry Number: 1059-85-4
  • CAS Registry Number: 129111-15-5
  • CAS Registry Number: 22243-67-0
  • CAS Registry Number: 57-88-5
  • CAS Registry Number: 80-99-9
  • CAS Registry Number: 80356-14-5
  • CAS Registry Number: 9061-77-2
  • CAS Registry Number: ?57-88-5
  • PubChem: 11025495
  • PubChem: 304
  • PubChem: 5997
  • ChEBI: ChEBI:140435
  • ChEBI: ChEBI:16113
  • HMDB: HMDB0000067
  • HMDB: HMDB00067
  • LipidMaps: LMST01010001
  • KEGG: C00187
  • BioCyc: CHOLESTEROL
  • NCBI MeSH: Cholesterol
  • Wikipedia: Cholesterol
  • DrugBank: DB04540
  • RefMet: RM0135639
  • MoNA: CCMSLIB00000077193
  • MoNA: CO000101
  • MoNA: CO000102
  • MoNA: CO000103
  • MoNA: CO000104
  • MoNA: CO000105
  • MoNA: EMBL-MCF_spec218183
  • MoNA: FFF00001
  • MoNA: FFF00002
  • MoNA: FFF00003
  • MoNA: FFF00004
  • MoNA: FFF00005
  • MoNA: FFF00006
  • MoNA: FFF00007
  • MoNA: FiehnLib000364
  • MoNA: HMDB0000067_c_ms_2260
  • MoNA: JP002693
  • MoNA: JP003431
  • MoNA: JP003478
  • MoNA: JP003789
  • MoNA: LipidBlast2022_129266
  • MoNA: LipidBlast2022_129328
  • MoNA: VF-NPL-QEHF011344
  • MoNA: VF-NPL-QEHF011345
  • MoNA: VF-NPL-QEHF011346
  • MoNA: VF-NPL-QEHF011347
  • MoNA: VF-NPL-QEHF011348
  • MoNA: VF-NPL-QEHF011349
  • MoNA: VF-NPL-QEHF011350
  • MoNA: VF-NPL-QEHF011351
  • MoNA: VF-NPL-QEHF011352
  • MoNA: VF-NPL-QEHF011353
  • MoNA: VF-NPL-QEHF011354
  • MoNA: VF-NPL-QEHF011355
  • MoNA: VF-NPL-QEHF011356
  • MoNA: VF-NPL-QEHF011357
  • MoNA: VF-NPL-QEHF011358
  • Metlin: METLIN_163
  • Coconut NaturalProduct: CNP0115532.1
  • Coconut NaturalProduct: CNP0115532.6
  • Coconut NaturalProduct: CNP0174859.1
  • Coconut NaturalProduct: CNP0174859.8
  • Coconut NaturalProduct: CNP0297670.2
  • Coconut NaturalProduct: CNP0383085.2
  • Coconut NaturalProduct: CNP0383085.6

Class / Ontology

Metabolic Network
ID EC Number Name
KEGG:R01451 1.3.1.21 cholesterol:NAD+ delta7-oxidoreductase
KEGG:R01452 1.14.13.- cholesterol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (5alpha,6alpha-epoxidizing)
KEGG:R01453 1.14.13.- cholesterol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (5beta,6beta-epoxidizing)
KEGG:R01454 1.14.15.6 cholesterol:oxygen oxidoreductase (side-chain-cleaving)
KEGG:R01456 1.3.1.21 cholesterol:NADP+ delta7-oxidoreductase
KEGG:R01457 1.3.1.72 cholesterol:NADP+ Delta24-oxidoreductase
KEGG:R01459 1.1.3.6 cholesterol:oxygen oxidoreductase
KEGG:R01460 3.2.1.104 cholesteryl-beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase
KEGG:R01461 2.3.1.26 acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase
KEGG:R01462 3.1.1.13 cholesterol ester acylhydrolase
KEGG:R01463 1.14.14.23 cholesterol,NADPH-hemoprotein reductase:oxygen oxidoreductase (7alpha-hydroxylating)
KEGG:R02692 2.3.1.73 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol:sterol O-acyltransferase
KEGG:R02723 1.14.15.6 C00187 + C00007 + 2 C00662 + 2 C00080<=>C05502 + C00001 + 2 C00667
KEGG:R02724 1.14.15.6 cholesterol,reduced-adrenal-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (side-chain-cleaving)
KEGG:R07207 1.14.14.25 cholesterol,NADPH-hemoprotein reductase:oxygen oxidoreductase (24-hydroxylating)
KEGG:R07218 1.14.99.38 cholesterol,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (25-hydroxylating)
KEGG:R08505 1.14.15.15 cholesterol 26-hydroxylase
KEGG:R08941 3.1.6.2 cholesterol-sulfate sulfohydrolase;
KEGG:R08977 2.8.2.2 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:cholesterol sulfotransferase
KEGG:R09920 1.1.1.145 cholesterol:NAD+ 3-oxidoreductase;
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Organism Source

Taxonomy Source

  1. Cassia hirsuta [ncbi taxid: ]
  2. Homo sapiens [ncbi taxid: 9606]
  3. Hydrolagus barbouri [ncbi taxid: 134991]
  4. Linum leonii [ncbi taxid: 794874]
  5. Mus musculus [ncbi taxid: 10090]
  6. Narthecium ossifragum [ncbi taxid: 114204]
  7. Talaromyces wortmannii [ncbi taxid: 28567]
  8. Welwitschia mirabilis [ncbi taxid: 3377]
  9. Aaptos aaptos [ncbi taxid: 253165]
  10. Abramis brama [ncbi taxid: 38527]
  11. Acacia leptostachya [ncbi taxid: 1378380]
  12. Acaulospora laevis [ncbi taxid: 78545]
  13. Acetabularia acetabulum [ncbi taxid: 35845]
  14. Achlya bisexualis [ncbi taxid: 4766]
  15. Aconitum nevadense [ncbi taxid: 2739826]
  16. Adiantum caudatum [ncbi taxid: 1073774]
  17. Aegiceras corniculatum [ncbi taxid: 59970]
  18. Agaricus integer [ncbi taxid: ]
  19. Agaricus silvaticus [ncbi taxid: 83517]
  20. Agave atrovirens [ncbi taxid: 1871492]
  21. Ajuga bracteosa [ncbi taxid: 1585251]
  22. Albizia adinocephala [ncbi taxid: 199153]
  23. Allium monspessulanum [ncbi taxid: ]
  24. Allium turcomanicum [ncbi taxid: ]
  25. Allomyces macrogynus [ncbi taxid: 28583]
  26. Allomyces spp. [ncbi taxid: ]
  27. Aloe barbadensis [ncbi taxid: ]
  28. Alseodaphne corneri [ncbi taxid: ]
  29. Ambrosia trifida [ncbi taxid: 4214]
  30. Amoebidium parasiticum [ncbi taxid: 4881]
  31. Anarhichas lupus [ncbi taxid: 8204]
  32. Anemarrhena asphodeloides [ncbi taxid: 59045]
  33. Annona coriacea [ncbi taxid: 1775857]
  34. Annona impressivenia [ncbi taxid: ]
  35. Annona squamosa [ncbi taxid: 301693]
  36. Anoplopoma fimbria [ncbi taxid: 229290]
  37. Arabidopsis thaliana [ncbi taxid: 3702]
  38. Arabis purpurea [ncbi taxid: 554027]
  39. Araucaria angustifolia [ncbi taxid: 56992]
  40. Arbutus menziesii [ncbi taxid: 82758]
  41. Archosargus probatocephalus [ncbi taxid: 119682]
  42. Artemisia abyssinica [ncbi taxid: 2869510]
  43. Artemisia oranensis [ncbi taxid: 1903224]
  44. Artemisia santonicum [ncbi taxid: 1287620]
  45. Artemisia taurica [ncbi taxid: 669142]
  46. Aruncus dioicus [ncbi taxid: 32220]
  47. Aspergillus japonicus [ncbi taxid: 34381]
  48. Aspergillus oryzae [ncbi taxid: 5062]
  49. Aspergillus unguis [ncbi taxid: 40381]
  50. Asphodelus fistulosus [ncbi taxid: 1497607]
  51. Astragalus atropubescens [ncbi taxid: 3083934]
  52. Astragalus sevangensis [ncbi taxid: 1197423]
  53. Aulacocephalus temmincki [ncbi taxid: ]
  54. Aureoumbra lagunensis [ncbi taxid: 44058]
  55. Baccharis reticularia [ncbi taxid: 2707520]
  56. Balaena mysticetus [ncbi taxid: 27602]
  57. Bauhinia candicans [ncbi taxid: ]
  58. Belone belone [ncbi taxid: 129037]
  59. Bersama yangambiensis [ncbi taxid: ]
  60. Blastocladia ramosa [ncbi taxid: 945685]
  61. Bos taurus [ncbi taxid: 9913]
  62. Bossiella orbigniana [ncbi taxid: 48615]
  63. Brevoortia tyrannus [ncbi taxid: 224708]
  64. Brosme brosme [ncbi taxid: 81638]
  65. Bruguiera gymnorhiza [ncbi taxid: 39984]
  66. Bryum rutilans [ncbi taxid: ]
  67. Buchenavia tetraphylla [ncbi taxid: ]
  68. Bufo bufo [ncbi taxid: 8384]
  69. Buxus sempervirens [ncbi taxid: 4002]
  70. Cabucala madagascariensis [ncbi taxid: ]
  71. Capra aegagrus [ncbi taxid: 9923]
  72. Castanopsis sclerophylla [ncbi taxid: 425823]
  73. Celtis australis [ncbi taxid: 236733]
  74. Centaurea amara [ncbi taxid: ]
  75. Centaurea paui [ncbi taxid: 351316]
  76. Centella asiatica [ncbi taxid: 48106]
  77. Cephalaria transsylvanica [ncbi taxid: ]
  78. Ceramium botryocarpum [ncbi taxid: 193554]
  79. Cereus chrysacanthus [ncbi taxid: ]
  80. Chanos chanos [ncbi taxid: 29144]
  81. Chattonella marina [ncbi taxid: 90936]
  82. Chelonia mydas [ncbi taxid: 8469]
  83. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii [ncbi taxid: 3055]
  84. Chloromorum toxicum [ncbi taxid: ]
  85. Chlorosplenium aeruginosum [ncbi taxid: ]
  86. Chorisia insignis [ncbi taxid: ]
  87. Chorisia speciosa [ncbi taxid: ]
  88. Chromodoris obsoleta [ncbi taxid: ]
  89. Cichorium spinosum [ncbi taxid: 114282]
  90. Cinnamosma madagascariensis [ncbi taxid: 132965]
  91. Citrus natsudaidai [ncbi taxid: 109792]
  92. Clerodendron neutens [ncbi taxid: ]
  93. Coccinella septempunctata [ncbi taxid: 41139]
  94. Coeloseira pacifica [ncbi taxid: ]
  95. Collectotrichum dematium [ncbi taxid: ]
  96. Conocephalum japonicum [ncbi taxid: 134427]
  97. Conyza aegyptica [ncbi taxid: ]
  98. Cordia rothii [ncbi taxid: ]
  99. Cordylanthus kingii [ncbi taxid: 90354]
  100. Coregonus artedi [ncbi taxid: 36181]
  101. Cortinarius rubellus [ncbi taxid: 86073]
  102. Coryphaena hippurus [ncbi taxid: 34814]
  103. Crassostrea virginica [ncbi taxid: 6565]
  104. Crinipellis scabella [ncbi taxid: 230788]
  105. Crotalaria podocarpa [ncbi taxid: 48249]
  106. Crotalaria trichotoma [ncbi taxid: 452830]
  107. Croton cumingii [ncbi taxid: ]
  108. Crotone hieronymi [ncbi taxid: ]
  109. Cupressus macrocarpa [ncbi taxid: ]
  110. Cusparia trifoliata [ncbi taxid: ]
  111. Cussonia bancoensis [ncbi taxid: 2708779]
  112. Cymbidium aloifolium [ncbi taxid: 112603]
  113. Cynoglossum creticum [ncbi taxid: 363801]
  114. Cyprinus carpio [ncbi taxid: 7962]
  115. Cystophora scalaris [ncbi taxid: 590105]
  116. Cystoseira barbata [ncbi taxid: ]
  117. Daldinia concentrica [ncbi taxid: 42361]
  118. Daphnia galeata [ncbi taxid: 27404]
  119. Delphinium dictyocarpum [ncbi taxid: 3435637]
  120. Dendrolimus spectabilis [ncbi taxid: 155323]
  121. Digitalis lanata Ehrh. [ncbi taxid: ]
  122. Dioscorea prazeri [ncbi taxid: 323674]
  123. Diploschistes cretaceus [ncbi taxid: ]
  124. Dipsacomyces acuminosporus [ncbi taxid: 4866]
  125. Disynaphia halimifolia [ncbi taxid: ]
  126. Doodia picta [ncbi taxid: ]
  127. Dracocephalum multicaule [ncbi taxid: 2024912]
  128. Dynamena pumila [ncbi taxid: 308606]
  129. Dysoxylum lenticellatum [ncbi taxid: ]
  130. Echiochilon pauciflorum [ncbi taxid: 203771]
  131. Elsholtzia blanda [ncbi taxid: 1874227]
  132. Elysia timida [ncbi taxid: 154625]
  133. Eminium spiculatum [ncbi taxid: 227250]
  134. Enteroctopus dofleini [ncbi taxid: 267067]
  135. Eragrostis viscosa [ncbi taxid: 2575316]
  136. Eremanthus crotonoides [ncbi taxid: 1569396]
  137. Erignathus barbatus [ncbi taxid: 39304]
  138. Erimacrus isenbeckii [ncbi taxid: 299522]
  139. Erylus lendenfeldi [ncbi taxid: ]
  140. Erysimum carniolicum [ncbi taxid: 1492206]
  141. Esox lucius [ncbi taxid: 8010]
  142. Eucalyptus bakeri [ncbi taxid: 1711166]
  143. Eumetopias jubatus [ncbi taxid: 34886]
  144. Eunicea fusca [ncbi taxid: 204327]
  145. Eunicella cavolinii [ncbi taxid: ]
  146. Eupatorium sternbergianum [ncbi taxid: ]
  147. Euphorbia erythraeae [ncbi taxid: ]
  148. Euphorbia grandicornis [ncbi taxid: 334676]
  149. Euphorbia royleana [ncbi taxid: 1130020]
  150. Forsteronia refracta [ncbi taxid: 387687]
  151. Fraxinus chinensis subsp. rhynchophylla [ncbi taxid: 126596]
  152. Fridericia chica [ncbi taxid: 353936]
  153. Fritillaria pallidiflora [ncbi taxid: 152091]
  154. Fumaria kraliki [ncbi taxid: ]
  155. Furcellaria fastigiata [ncbi taxid: ]
  156. Gavia immer [ncbi taxid: 37039]
  157. Glomus mosseae [ncbi taxid: ]
  158. Glomus sp. [ncbi taxid: 1921602]
  159. Glycine max [ncbi taxid: 3847]
  160. Glycine tabacina [ncbi taxid: 44016]
  161. Gmelina leichhardtii [ncbi taxid: 1619456]
  162. Gnomonia leptostyla [ncbi taxid: ]
  163. Gossypium sturtianum [ncbi taxid: 34278]
  164. Grewia mollis [ncbi taxid: 3105936]
  165. Gyalolechia fulgens [ncbi taxid: 1301421]
  166. Gymnocarpium robertianum [ncbi taxid: 983334]
  167. Halimeda macroloba [ncbi taxid: 170422]
  168. Hapalosiphon fontinalis [ncbi taxid: ]
  169. Haplopappus venetus [ncbi taxid: ]
  170. Haplophyllum acutifolium [ncbi taxid: 452768]
  171. Hedera canariensis [ncbi taxid: 85351]
  172. Hedysarum multijugum [ncbi taxid: ]
  173. Helianthus annuus [ncbi taxid: 4232]
  174. Helichrysum nudifolium [ncbi taxid: 630325]
  175. Heliotropium floridum [ncbi taxid: 454097]
  176. Heterotheca grandiflora [ncbi taxid: 1573925]
  177. Hibiscus sabdariffa [ncbi taxid: 183260]
  178. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. [ncbi taxid: ]
  179. Hippoglossus hippoglossus [ncbi taxid: 8267]
  180. Homo sapiens [ncbi taxid: 9606]
  181. Hordeum vulgare [ncbi taxid: 4513]
  182. Hordeum vulgare L.cv Mammut [ncbi taxid: ]
  183. Hovenia acerba [ncbi taxid: 210357]
  184. Hydnocarpus anthelminthicus [ncbi taxid: ]
  185. Hyella caespitosa [ncbi taxid: ]
  186. Hypnea japonica [ncbi taxid: 105606]
  187. Hypoxis nyasica [ncbi taxid: 2447910]
  188. Hypoxylon deustum [ncbi taxid: ]
  189. Hyrtios gumminae [ncbi taxid: ]
  190. Ictalurus punctatus [ncbi taxid: 7998]
  191. Isoberlinia angolensis [ncbi taxid: 859852]
  192. Juglans nigra [ncbi taxid: 16719]
  193. Juglans regia [ncbi taxid: 51240]
  194. Juniperus serawschanica [ncbi taxid: ]
  195. Justicia trinervia [ncbi taxid: ]
  196. Kaempferia marginata [ncbi taxid: 340432]
  197. Kalanchoe daigremontiana [ncbi taxid: 23013]
  198. Katsuwonus pelamis [ncbi taxid: 8226]
  199. Kaunia saltensis [ncbi taxid: 1745086]
  200. Kochia trichophylla [ncbi taxid: ]
  201. Koelreuteria paniculata [ncbi taxid: 43168]
  202. Ladeania juncea [ncbi taxid: 458384]
  203. Laminaria japonica [ncbi taxid: ]
  204. Lanurocerasus officinalis [ncbi taxid: ]
  205. Lappula intermedia [ncbi taxid: 1330308]
  206. Laurencia aldingensis [ncbi taxid: 1167835]
  207. Laurencia obtusa [ncbi taxid: 137763]
  208. Lecanora conizaeoides [ncbi taxid: 128387]
  209. Leiostomus xanthurus [ncbi taxid: 59837]
  210. Lepista irina [ncbi taxid: ]
  211. Leptosphaeria typhae [ncbi taxid: ]
  212. Lepus timidus [ncbi taxid: 62621]
  213. Ligularia atroviolacea [ncbi taxid: 358079]
  214. Limanda limanda [ncbi taxid: 27771]
  215. Linderina pennispora [ncbi taxid: 61395]
  216. Linum usitatissimum [ncbi taxid: 4006]
  217. Lippia alba [ncbi taxid: 320345]
  218. Lobophytum laevigatum [ncbi taxid: ]
  219. Lophius piscatorius [ncbi taxid: 8074]
  220. Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps [ncbi taxid: 390349]
  221. Lota lota [ncbi taxid: 69944]
  222. Lunasia quercifolia [ncbi taxid: ]
  223. Lysimachia heterogenea [ncbi taxid: 213271]
  224. Lytanthus salicinus [ncbi taxid: ]
  225. Macaranga sampsonii [ncbi taxid: 524430]
  226. Macaranga sinensis [ncbi taxid: ]
  227. Machaerium scleroxylon [ncbi taxid: 225113]
  228. Macrotyloma uniflorum [ncbi taxid: 271171]
  229. Malus pumila [ncbi taxid: 283210]
  230. Mangifera indica [ncbi taxid: 29780]
  231. Marmota marmota [ncbi taxid: 9993]
  232. Mauremys reevesii [ncbi taxid: 260615]
  233. Maytenus salicifolia [ncbi taxid: 1081527]
  234. Medicago scutellata [ncbi taxid: 36901]
  235. Melanogrammus aeglefinus [ncbi taxid: 8056]
  236. Mentzelia incisa [ncbi taxid: ]
  237. Merlangius merlangus [ncbi taxid: 8058]
  238. Merulius lacrymans [ncbi taxid: ]
  239. Micromesistius poutassou [ncbi taxid: 81636]
  240. Micromonospora coerulea [ncbi taxid: 47856]
  241. Microstomus kitt [ncbi taxid: 106175]
  242. Mirabilis jalapa [ncbi taxid: 3538]
  243. Molopospermum peloponnesiacum [ncbi taxid: 107254]
  244. Molva molva [ncbi taxid: 163112]
  245. Monoblepharella sp. [ncbi taxid: 2107739]
  246. Mus musculus [ncbi taxid: 10090]
  247. Narcissus concolor [ncbi taxid: 54871]
  248. Nauclea officinalis [ncbi taxid: 1009495]
  249. Nectria galligena [ncbi taxid: ]
  250. Nephrops norvegicus [ncbi taxid: 6829]
  251. Nicotiana benthamiana [ncbi taxid: 4100]
  252. Nicotiana rustica [ncbi taxid: 4093]
  253. Octopus vulgaris [ncbi taxid: 6645]
  254. Odobenus rosmarus [ncbi taxid: 9707]
  255. Oenothera biennis [ncbi taxid: 3942]
  256. Oncoba echinata [ncbi taxid: ]
  257. Oncorhynchus gorbuscha [ncbi taxid: 8017]
  258. Oncorhynchus keta [ncbi taxid: 8018]
  259. Oncorhynchus kisutch [ncbi taxid: 8019]
  260. Oncorhynchus mykiss [ncbi taxid: 8022]
  261. Oncorhynchus nerka [ncbi taxid: 8023]
  262. Oncorhynchus tshawytscha [ncbi taxid: 74940]
  263. Ophiocordyceps sinensis [ncbi taxid: 72228]
  264. Ophiodon elongatus [ncbi taxid: 225387]
  265. Ophiolepis superba [ncbi taxid: 1869291]
  266. Otostegia fruticosa [ncbi taxid: 483855]
  267. Pachycereus tehuantepecanus [ncbi taxid: ]
  268. Paeonia lactiflora [ncbi taxid: 35924]
  269. Paeonia rockii [ncbi taxid: 62886]
  270. Papilio phorcas [ncbi taxid: 77261]
  271. Parabenzoin trilobum [ncbi taxid: ]
  272. Paranephelius uniflorus [ncbi taxid: 463613]
  273. Pardachirus pavoninus [ncbi taxid: 8286]
  274. Peprilus triacanthus [ncbi taxid: 183653]
  275. Periploca forrestii [ncbi taxid: 2306254]
  276. Petalostemon purpureum [ncbi taxid: ]
  277. Peucedanum alsaticum [ncbi taxid: 1533279]
  278. Peucedanum graveolens [ncbi taxid: ]
  279. Phascolosoma vulgare [ncbi taxid: ]
  280. Phebalium ozothamnoides [ncbi taxid: ]
  281. Phellopterus littoralis [ncbi taxid: ]
  282. Phlomis regelii [ncbi taxid: ]
  283. Phoenix dactylifera [ncbi taxid: 42345]
  284. Phycomyces blakesleeanus [ncbi taxid: 4837]
  285. Pimpinella aurea [ncbi taxid: 271196]
  286. Piper futokadsura [ncbi taxid: ]
  287. Pittosporum tobira [ncbi taxid: 43073]
  288. Plagiochila acanthophylla [ncbi taxid: ]
  289. Plakinastrella clathrata [ncbi taxid: ]
  290. Pleroma menoui [ncbi taxid: 1562505]
  291. Pleurotus citrinopileatus [ncbi taxid: 98342]
  292. Podocarpus amarus [ncbi taxid: ]
  293. Polanisia dodecandra [ncbi taxid: 72660]
  294. Polycephalomyces nipponicus [ncbi taxid: ]
  295. Pomatomus saltatrix [ncbi taxid: ]
  296. Porodaedalea pini [ncbi taxid: 108901]
  297. Potebniamyces gallicola [ncbi taxid: ]
  298. Potentilla multifida [ncbi taxid: 210859]
  299. Prosopis spicigera [ncbi taxid: 1217432]
  300. Protohermes grandis [ncbi taxid: 621229]
  301. Prunus tomentosa [ncbi taxid: 105667]
  302. Psacalium paucicapitatum [ncbi taxid: 496643]
  303. Pseudogymnoascus pannorum [ncbi taxid: 79858]
  304. Pseudomonas chlororaphis [ncbi taxid: 587753]
  305. Pteris longipinna [ncbi taxid: 1032453]
  306. Ptilota pectinata [ncbi taxid: ]
  307. Pulvinula constellatio [ncbi taxid: 134031]
  308. Punica granatum [ncbi taxid: 22663]
  309. Pusa hispida [ncbi taxid: 9718]
  310. Quercus cerris [ncbi taxid: 39468]
  311. Reinhardtius hippoglossoides [ncbi taxid: 111784]
  312. Rennellia elliptica [ncbi taxid: 509950]
  313. Rhaponticum carthamoides [ncbi taxid: ]
  314. Rheum hotaoense [ncbi taxid: 137217]
  315. Rhizophlyctis rosea [ncbi taxid: 64517]
  316. Rhizophora mucronata [ncbi taxid: 61149]
  317. Rhododendron aureum [ncbi taxid: 184574]
  318. Rhododendron fulgens [ncbi taxid: 479672]
  319. Rhododendron makinoi [ncbi taxid: 313334]
  320. Rhododendron molle [ncbi taxid: 49168]
  321. Rivularia nitida [ncbi taxid: ]
  322. Rothmannia macrophylla [ncbi taxid: ]
  323. Rubrivivax gelatinosus [ncbi taxid: 28068]
  324. Ruta pinnata [ncbi taxid: 452794]
  325. Saccharothrix mutabilis [ncbi taxid: 33921]
  326. Salmo salar [ncbi taxid: 8030]
  327. Salvelinus namaycush [ncbi taxid: 8040]
  328. Salvia dorrii [ncbi taxid: 207754]
  329. Sander lucioperca [ncbi taxid: 283035]
  330. Saururus cernuus [ncbi taxid: 13260]
  331. Schisandra chinensis [ncbi taxid: 50507]
  332. Schleichera trijuga [ncbi taxid: 2871444]
  333. Schottera nicaeensis [ncbi taxid: 38512]
  334. Scophthalmus maximus [ncbi taxid: 52904]
  335. Scutellaria glabra [ncbi taxid: ]
  336. Sebastes alutus [ncbi taxid: 72055]
  337. Sebastes viviparus [ncbi taxid: 394708]
  338. Senecio dianthus [ncbi taxid: ]
  339. Senna alexandrina [ncbi taxid: 72402]
  340. Sipunculus nudus [ncbi taxid: 6446]
  341. Smilax glabra [ncbi taxid: 703614]
  342. Smittium sp. [ncbi taxid: ]
  343. Solanum arundo [ncbi taxid: 329761]
  344. Solanum lycopersicum [ncbi taxid: 4081]
  345. Solanum tuberosum [ncbi taxid: 4113]
  346. Solidago canadensis var. scabra [ncbi taxid: 59294]
  347. Sonneratia alba [ncbi taxid: 122812]
  348. Sophora angustifolia [ncbi taxid: ]
  349. Sophora viciifolia [ncbi taxid: 1196212]
  350. Squalus acanthias [ncbi taxid: 7797]
  351. Stenodus leucichthys [ncbi taxid: 59296]
  352. Stenotomus chrysops [ncbi taxid: 35579]
  353. Sterculia setigera [ncbi taxid: ]
  354. Stevia polycephala [ncbi taxid: 558499]
  355. Stichopus horrens [ncbi taxid: 566292]
  356. Streptomyces atratus [ncbi taxid: 1893]
  357. Streptomyces caelestis [ncbi taxid: 36816]
  358. Streptomyces parvisporogenes [ncbi taxid: 68252]
  359. Streptomyces plumbeus [ncbi taxid: 285475]
  360. Streptomyces roseoviolaceus [ncbi taxid: 67360]
  361. Streptomyces sclerotialus [ncbi taxid: 1957]
  362. Streptomyces violaceusniger [ncbi taxid: 68280]
  363. Strychnos fendleri [ncbi taxid: 1040884]
  364. Strychnos froesii [ncbi taxid: ]
  365. Sus scrofa [ncbi taxid: 9823]
  366. Sus scrofa domesticus [ncbi taxid: 9825]
  367. Tephroseris integrifolia [ncbi taxid: 462580]
  368. Teucrium abutiloides [ncbi taxid: 1209833]
  369. Teucrium depressum [ncbi taxid: ]
  370. Teucrium orientale [ncbi taxid: 1209879]
  371. Teucrium pilosum [ncbi taxid: ]
  372. Teucrium spinosum [ncbi taxid: 1209891]
  373. Theobroma cacao [ncbi taxid: 3641]
  374. Thunnus alalunga [ncbi taxid: 8235]
  375. Thunnus albacares [ncbi taxid: 8236]
  376. Thunnus thynnus [ncbi taxid: 8237]
  377. Thymus piperella [ncbi taxid: ]
  378. Topsentia genitrix [ncbi taxid: ]
  379. Topsentia roquensis [ncbi taxid: ]
  380. Trichilia rubescens [ncbi taxid: 1672008]
  381. Trichoderma citrinum [ncbi taxid: 1490982]
  382. Tricholoma muscarium [ncbi taxid: 2234112]
  383. Trifolium pannonicum [ncbi taxid: 97032]
  384. Tripterospermum japonicum [ncbi taxid: 1608368]
  385. Triptilion benaventei [ncbi taxid: 2306953]
  386. Tylopilus neofelleus [ncbi taxid: 1089184]
  387. Ulva prolifera [ncbi taxid: 3117]
  388. Umbilicaria cinereorufescens [ncbi taxid: 903549]
  389. Ustilago maydis [ncbi taxid: ]
  390. Uvaria dependens [ncbi taxid: 1144412]
  391. Vachellia farnesiana [ncbi taxid: 72368]
  392. Veltheimia viridifolia [ncbi taxid: ]
  393. Veratrum grandiflorum [ncbi taxid: 203092]
  394. Vicia faba [ncbi taxid: 3906]
  395. Vicia villosa [ncbi taxid: 3911]
  396. Vigna unguiculata [ncbi taxid: 3917]
  397. Vitex megapotamica [ncbi taxid: 1365883]
  398. Vitis vinifera [ncbi taxid: 29760]
  399. Xiphias gladius [ncbi taxid: 8245]
  400. Xylopia aethiopica [ncbi taxid: 1317910]
  401. Zanthoxylum petiolare [ncbi taxid: 2099542]
  402. Zea mays [ncbi taxid: 4577]
  403. Zoanthus sociatus [ncbi taxid: 134931]

Pathway Synthetic

pathway id name
BioCyc:META_PWY-922 mevalonate pathway I
BioCyc:MTBH37RV_PWY-6946 cholesterol degradation to androstenedione II (cholesterol dehydrogenase)
BioCyc:THAPS_PWY66-5 superpathway of cholesterol biosynthesis
BioCyc:HUMAN_PWY66-5 superpathway of cholesterol biosynthesis
BioCyc:HUMAN_PWY66-341 cholesterol biosynthesis I
BioCyc:HUMAN_PWY-5910 superpathway of geranylgeranyldiphosphate biosynthesis I (via mevalonate)
BioCyc:META_PWY66-341 cholesterol biosynthesis I
BioCyc:META_PWY66-4 cholesterol biosynthesis III (via desmosterol)
BioCyc:META_PWY-6946 cholesterol degradation to androstenedione II (cholesterol dehydrogenase)
BioCyc:THAPS_PWY66-4 cholesterol biosynthesis III (via desmosterol)
BioCyc:THAPS_PWY-6946 cholesterol degradation to androstenedione II (cholesterol dehydrogenase)
BioCyc:THAPS_PWY66-3 cholesterol biosynthesis II (via 24,25-dihydrolanosterol)
BioCyc:HUMAN_PWY66-3 cholesterol biosynthesis II (via 24,25-dihydrolanosterol)
BioCyc:META_PWY-5910 superpathway of geranylgeranyldiphosphate biosynthesis I (via mevalonate)
BioCyc:META_PWY66-3 cholesterol biosynthesis II (via 24,25-dihydrolanosterol)
BioCyc:ARA_PWY-6663 plant sterol biosynthesis II
BioCyc:MTBH37RV_PWY-6947 superpathway of cholesterol degradation II (cholesterol dehydrogenase)
BioCyc:MTBH37RV_PWY-6945 cholesterol degradation to androstenedione I (cholesterol oxidase)
BioCyc:MTBCDC1551_PWY-6947 superpathway of cholesterol degradation II (cholesterol dehydrogenase)
BioCyc:MTBCDC1551_PWY-6945 cholesterol degradation to androstenedione I (cholesterol oxidase)
View All Pathways