Amino acid and derivative metabolism

Häussinger D. Liver glutamine metabolism. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1990 Jul;14(4 Suppl):56S–62S. doi: 10.1177/014860719001400405. PMID: 2205732.; Owen OE, Reichard GA, Patel MS, Boden G. Energy metabolism in feasting and fasting. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1979;111():169–88. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-0734-2_8. PMID: 371355.; Felig P. Amino acid metabolism in man. Annu Rev Biochem. 1975;44():933–55. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.44.070175.004441. PMID: 1094924.

Metabolites

2-Iminobutanoate

Formula: C4H7NO2 (101.0476762)

CAS ID: 4250-86-6

5'-Methylthioadenosine

Formula: C11H15N5O3S (297.089556)

CAS ID: 2457-80-9

Adenosine

Formula: C10H13N5O4 (267.09674980000005)

CAS ID: 58-61-7

Betaine

Formula: C5H11NO2 (117.0789746)

CAS ID: 107-43-7

Betaine aldehyde

Formula: C5H12NO (102.0918842)

CAS ID: 7418-61-3

Calcium cation

Formula: Ca (39.962591)

CAS ID: 14127-61-8

Choline

Formula: C5H14NO (104.10753340000001)

CAS ID: 62-49-7

CO2

Formula: CO2 (43.98983)

CAS ID: 124-38-9

Copper

Formula: Cu (62.929599)

CAS ID: 7440-50-8

Fe2+

Formula: Fe (55.934939)

CAS ID: 15438-31-0

H+

Formula: H (1.0078246)

CAS ID: 12408-02-5

H2O

Formula: H2O (18.0105642)

CAS ID: 7732-18-5

HCO3-

Formula: HCO3 (60.9925696)

CAS ID: 71-52-3

HSO3-

Formula: HSO3 (80.96464160000001)

CAS ID: 15181-46-1

Hydrogen cyanide

Formula: CHN (27.010898599999997)

CAS ID: 74-90-8

Hydrogen peroxide

Formula: H2O2 (34.0054792)

CAS ID: 7722-84-1

Iodide

Formula: I (126.904477)

CAS ID: 20461-54-5

L-Formylkynurenine

Formula: C11H12N2O4 (236.07970319999998)

CAS ID: 1022-31-7

Magnesium cation

Formula: Mg (23.98505)

CAS ID: 22537-22-0

Manganese(2+)

Formula: Mn (54.938046)

CAS ID: 7439-96-5

Melatonin

Formula: C13H16N2O2 (232.1211716)

CAS ID: 73-31-4

N-Acetyl-L-glutamate

Formula: C7H11NO5 (189.0637196)

CAS ID: 1188-37-0

N-Acetylserotonin

Formula: C12H14N2O2 (218.1055224)

CAS ID: 1210-83-9

Oxygen

Formula: O2 (31.98983)

CAS ID: 7782-44-7

Potassium cation

Formula: K (38.963708)

CAS ID: 24203-36-9

Sulfate

Formula: H2SO4 (97.9673812)

CAS ID: 7664-93-9

Urea

Formula: CH4N2O (60.0323614)

CAS ID: 57-13-6

Zinc cation

Formula: Zn (63.929145)

CAS ID: 23713-49-7

Thiocyanate

Formula: CNS (57.975145999999995)

CAS ID: 302-04-5

L-argininium(1+)

Formula: C6H15N4O2 (175.119495)

CAS ID: 17806-42-7

Sulfanegen

Formula: C6H8O6S2 (239.9762308)

CAS ID: 80003-64-1

2-oxo-3-phenylpropanoate

Formula: C9H7O3 (163.0395172)

CAS ID: 620-76-8

acetoacetate

Formula: C4H5O3 (101.02386800000001)

CAS ID: 141-81-1

formate

Formula: CHO2 (44.997654600000004)

CAS ID: 71-47-6

oxaloacetate(2-)

Formula: C4H2O5 (129.9902242)

CAS ID: 149-63-3

2-oxoglutarate(2-)

Formula: C5H4O5 (144.00587339999998)

CAS ID: 64-15-3

butenedioate

Formula: C4H2O4 (113.99530920000001)

CAS ID: 17013-01-3

oxalate(2-)

Formula: C2O4 (87.97966)

CAS ID: 338-70-5

homogentisate

Formula: C8H7O4 (167.0344322)

CAS ID:

glycolate

Formula: C2H3O3 (75.00821880000001)

CAS ID: 666-14-8

pyruvate

Formula: C3H3O3 (87.00821880000001)

CAS ID: 57-60-3

3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate

Formula: C9H7O4 (179.0344322)

CAS ID: 622-54-8

2-oxoglutaramate

Formula: C5H6NO4 (144.0296816)

CAS ID: 18465-19-5

glyoxylate

Formula: C2HO3 (72.9925696)

CAS ID:

sulfite

Formula: O3S (79.956817)

CAS ID: 14265-45-3

NADPH(4-)

Formula: C21H26N7O17P3 (741.0598016)

CAS ID: 53-57-6

ATP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O13P3 (502.9644492)

CAS ID:

GTP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O14P3 (518.9593642)

CAS ID: 86527-72-2

NAD(1-)

Formula: C21H26N7O14P2 (662.1012936000001)

CAS ID: 53-84-9

ADP(3-)

Formula: C10H12N5O10P2 (424.0059412)

CAS ID:

NADP(3-)

Formula: C21H25N7O17P3 (740.051977)

CAS ID: 53-59-8

L-lysinium(1+)

Formula: C6H15N2O2 (147.113347)

CAS ID: 56-87-1

hydrosulfide

Formula: HS (32.979896600000004)

CAS ID: 15035-72-0



Enzyme

EC Number name full name note
1.3.8.-
1.1.1.215 gluconate 2-dehydrogenase D-gluconate:NADP+ oxidoreductase
1.1.1.31 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
1.1.3.15 (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase (S)-2-hydroxy-acid:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase
1.13.11.11 tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
1.13.11.19 cysteamine dioxygenase 2-aminoethanethiol:oxygen oxidoreductase
1.13.11.5 homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase homogentisate:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
1.13.11.53 acireductone dioxygenase (Ni2+-requiring) 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one:oxygen oxidoreductase (formate- and CO-forming)
1.13.11.54 acireductone dioxygenase [iron(II)-requiring] 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one:oxygen oxidoreductase (formate-forming)
1.13.11.6 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase 3-hydroxyanthranilate:oxygen 3,4-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
1.14.13.9 kynurenine 3-monooxygenase L-kynurenine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
1.14.16.1 phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase L-phenylalanine,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating)
1.14.16.4 tryptophan 5-monooxygenase L-tryptophan,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating)
1.2.1.27 methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (CoA-acylating) 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate:NAD+ 3-oxidoreductase (CoA-propanoylating)
1.2.1.3 aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) aldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase
1.2.1.38 N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase N-acetyl-L-glutamate-5-semialdehyde:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase (phosphorylating)
1.2.4.4 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring) 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate:[dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (2-methylpropanoyl)transferase]-lipoyllysine 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, acceptor-2-methylpropanoylating)
1.3.8.5 short-chain 2-methylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase short-chain 2-methylacyl-CoA:electron-transfer flavoprotein 2-oxidoreductase
1.3.8.6 glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (ETF) glutaryl-CoA:electron-transfer flavoprotein 2,3-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
1.4.1.3 glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] L-glutamate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (deaminating)
1.4.3.2 L-amino-acid oxidase L-amino-acid:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
1.4.3.3 D-amino-acid oxidase D-amino-acid:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
1.4.4.2 glycine dehydrogenase (aminomethyl-transferring) glycine:H-protein-lipoyllysine oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, acceptor-amino-methylating)
1.5.1.10 saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-glutamate-forming) N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-glutamate-forming)
1.5.1.2 pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase L-proline:NAD(P)+ 5-oxidoreductase
1.5.1.34 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase
1.5.3.1 sarcosine oxidase (formaldehyde-forming) sarcosine:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)
1.5.3.7 L-pipecolate oxidase L-pipecolate:oxygen 1,6-oxidoreductase
1.5.5.2 proline dehydrogenase L-proline:quinone oxidoreductase
1.8.1.4 dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase protein-N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase
2.1.1.13 methionine synthase 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase
2.1.1.22 carnosine N-methyltransferase S-adenosyl-L-methionine:carnosine N-methyltransferase
2.1.2.10 aminomethyltransferase [protein]-S8-aminomethyldihydrolipoyllysine:tetrahydrofolate aminomethyltransferase (ammonia-forming)
2.1.2.5 glutamate formimidoyltransferase 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate:L-glutamate N-formimidoyltransferase
2.3.1.61 dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase succinyl-CoA:enzyme-N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine S-succinyltransferase
2.3.1.9 acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase acetyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase
2.5.1.16 spermidine synthase S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase
2.6.1.1 aspartate transaminase L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
2.6.1.13 ornithine aminotransferase L-ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase
2.6.1.2 alanine transaminase L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
2.6.1.42 branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase branched-chain-amino-acid:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
2.6.1.44 alanine-glyoxylate transaminase L-alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
2.6.1.5 tyrosine transaminase L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
2.6.1.51 serine-pyruvate transaminase L-serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
2.6.1.52 phosphoserine transaminase O-phospho-L-serine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
2.6.1.57 aromatic-amino-acid transaminase aromatic-amino-acid:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
2.6.1.64 glutamine-phenylpyruvate transaminase L-glutamine:phenylpyruvate aminotransferase
2.6.1.7 kynurenine-oxoglutarate transaminase L-kynurenine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
2.7.2.8 acetylglutamate kinase ATP:N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-phosphotransferase
2.7.9.3 selenide, water dikinase ATP:selenide, water phosphotransferase
3.1.2.4 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl-CoA hydrolase
3.1.3.77 acireductone synthase 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl-phosphate phosphohydrolase (isomerizing)
3.13.2.1 adenosylhomocysteinase S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase
3.5.2.7 imidazolonepropionase 3-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-3H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoate amidohydrolase
3.7.1.2 fumarylacetoacetase 4-fumarylacetoacetate fumarylhydrolase
3.7.1.3 kynureninase L-kynurenine hydrolase
4.1.1.17 ornithine decarboxylase L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (putrescine-forming)
4.1.1.50 adenosylmethionine decarboxylase S-adenosyl-L-methionine carboxy-lyase [(5-deoxy-5-adenosyl)(3-aminopropyl)methylsulfonium-salt-forming]
4.2.1.17 enoyl-CoA hydratase (3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA hydro-lyase
4.2.1.18 methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA hydro-lyase (trans-3-methylglutaconyl-CoA-forming)
4.2.1.22 cystathionine beta-synthase L-serine hydro-lyase (adding homocysteine; L-cystathionine-forming)
4.2.1.49 urocanate hydratase 3-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-3H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoate hydro-lyase (urocanate-forming)
4.3.1.17 L-serine ammonia-lyase L-serine ammonia-lyase (pyruvate-forming)
4.3.1.18 D-Serine ammonia-lyase D-serine ammonia-lyase (pyruvate-forming)
4.3.1.3 histidine ammonia-lyase L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming)
4.3.1.4 formimidoyltetrahydrofolate cyclodeaminase 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate ammonia-lyase (cyclizing; 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate-forming)
4.4.1.1 cystathionine gamma-lyase L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating; 2-oxobutanoate-forming)
4.4.1.13 cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase L-cysteine-S-conjugate thiol-lyase (deaminating; pyruvate-forming)
4.4.1.2 homocysteine desulfhydrase L-homocysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating; 2-oxobutanoate-forming)
5.1.1.18 serine racemase serine racemase
5.2.1.2 maleylacetoacetate isomerase 4-maleylacetoacetate cis-trans-isomerase
6.3.5.4 asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) L-aspartate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
6.4.1.4 methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase 3-methylcrotonoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)


Proteins

Protein ID name full name