Choline (BioCAD00000008433)

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Metabolite Card

Formula: C5H14NO (104.1075)
SMILES: C[N+](C)(C)CCO

Synonyms [en]

choline; Bilineurine; (2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium; Choline Chloride; trimethylethanolamine; Choline ion

Reviewed

Last reviewed on 2024-06-28.

Cite this Page

Choline. 数据之源，洞见之始. SMRUCC genomics institute, a synthetic life researcher from China. https://biocad_registry.innovation.ac.cn/s/(-)-arctiin (retrieved 2026-01-03) (CAD Registry RN: BioCAD00000008433). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Note

Choline is a basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. Choline is now considered to be an essential vitamin. While humans can synthesize small amounts (by converting phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine), it must be consumed in the diet to maintain health. Required levels are between 425 mg/day (female) and 550 mg/day (male). Milk, eggs, liver, and peanuts are especially rich in choline. Most choline is found in phospholipids, namely phosphatidylcholine or lecithin. Choline can be oxidized to form betaine, which is a methyl source for many reactions (i.e. conversion of homocysteine into methionine). Lack of sufficient amounts of choline in the diet can lead to a fatty liver condition and general liver damage. This arises from the lack of VLDL, which is necessary to transport fats away from the liver. Choline deficiency also leads to elevated serum levels of alanine amino transferase and is associated with increased incidence of liver cancer.

Cytoplasm Extracellular Mitochondria Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus
Entity Information

DBLinks

Other DBLinks
  • CAS Registry Number: 50673-41-1
  • CAS Registry Number: 5413-08-1
  • CAS Registry Number: 62-49-7
  • CAS Registry Number: 94793-58-5
  • PubChem: 305
  • ChEBI: ChEBI:15354
  • HMDB: HMDB0000097
  • HMDB: HMDB00097
  • KEGG: C00114
  • BioCyc: CHOLINE
  • NCBI MeSH: Choline
  • Wikipedia: Choline
  • DrugBank: DB00122
  • RefMet: RM0028739
  • MoNA: BAF_UVA_POS000845
  • MoNA: CCMSLIB00000578033
  • MoNA: HMDB0000097_ms_ms_150
  • MoNA: HMDB0000097_ms_ms_151
  • MoNA: HMDB0000097_ms_ms_152
  • MoNA: MoNA010519
  • MoNA: MoNA010520
  • MoNA: MoNA010521
  • MoNA: MoNA010522
  • MoNA: MoNA010523
  • MoNA: MoNA010524
  • MoNA: MoNA010980
  • MoNA: MoNA010981
  • MoNA: MoNA010982
  • MoNA: MoNA010983
  • MoNA: MoNA016621
  • MoNA: MoNA032252
  • MoNA: MoNA032253
  • MoNA: MoNA032255
  • MoNA: MoNA036166
  • MoNA: MoNA036167
  • MoNA: MoNA036169
  • MoNA: MoNA037221
  • MoNA: MoNA038602
  • MoNA: MT000030
  • MoNA: PB001602
  • MoNA: PB001603
  • MoNA: PR100404
  • MoNA: PR100405
  • MoNA: PS101601
  • MoNA: PS101602
  • MoNA: PS101603
  • MoNA: PS101604
  • MoNA: PT110160
  • MoNA: PT110163
  • Coconut NaturalProduct: CNP0161849.0
  • Coconut NaturalProduct: CNP0580308.0
  • Coconut NaturalProduct: CNP0589986.0

Class / Ontology

Metabolic Network
ID EC Number Name
KEGG:R01021 2.7.1.32 ATP:choline phosphotransferase
KEGG:R01022 1.1.3.17 choline:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase
KEGG:R01023 2.3.1.6 acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
KEGG:R01025 1.1.99.1 choline:acceptor 1-oxidoreductase
KEGG:R01026 3.1.1.7 acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
KEGG:R01027 2.8.2.6 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:choline sulfotransferase
KEGG:R01028 3.1.6.6 choline sulfate sulfohydrolase
KEGG:R01029 3.1.1.8 acylcholine acylhydrolase
KEGG:R01030 3.1.4.2 sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine glycerophosphohydrolase
KEGG:R01310 3.1.4.4 phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase
KEGG:R02381 3.1.1.49 sinapoylcholine sinapohydrolase
KEGG:R02542 3.1.4.41 sphingomyelin ceramide-phosphohydrolase
KEGG:R03075 2.3.1.91 1-O-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamoyl)-beta-D-glucose:choline 1-O-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamoyl)transferase
KEGG:R05739 1.14.15.7 choline,reduced-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase
KEGG:R05794 2.7.8.24 CDP-diacylglycerol:choline O-phosphatidyltransferase
KEGG:R06871 3.1.3.75 phosphocholine phosphohydrolase
KEGG:R07377 C00157 + C00065<=>C02737 + C00114
KEGG:R07386 2.6.-.- C04756 + C00114<=>C00958 + C00189
KEGG:R07409 1.14.15.7 choline,reduced-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase
KEGG:R08212 1.1.3.17 choline oxidase
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Organism Source

Taxonomy Source

  1. Abelmoschus esculentus [ncbi taxid: 455045]
  2. Achillea collina [ncbi taxid: 282730]
  3. Acodontaster conspicuus [ncbi taxid: 331078]
  4. Aconitum chrysotrichum [ncbi taxid: 219063]
  5. Aconitum pseudohuiliense [ncbi taxid: ]
  6. Aconitum sachalinense [ncbi taxid: 50880]
  7. Actinidia chinensis [ncbi taxid: 3625]
  8. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae [ncbi taxid: 715]
  9. Adonis vernalis L. [ncbi taxid: ]
  10. Aesculus turbinata [ncbi taxid: 83375]
  11. Agaricus bisporus [ncbi taxid: 5341]
  12. Alcyonium molle [ncbi taxid: ]
  13. Allium ampeloprasum [ncbi taxid: 4681]
  14. Allium ascalonicum [ncbi taxid: 1476995]
  15. Allium cepa [ncbi taxid: 4679]
  16. Allium fistulosum [ncbi taxid: 35875]
  17. Allium sativum [ncbi taxid: 4682]
  18. Allium schoenoprasum [ncbi taxid: 74900]
  19. Alnus alnobetula [ncbi taxid: 38784]
  20. Aloe microstigma [ncbi taxid: 1128801]
  21. Aloe peglerae [ncbi taxid: 1236639]
  22. Alstonia deplanchei [ncbi taxid: ]
  23. Alstonia muelleriana [ncbi taxid: 1382056]
  24. Amanita cokeri [ncbi taxid: 87323]
  25. Amauroascus aureus [ncbi taxid: 113411]
  26. Amoora yunnanensis [ncbi taxid: ]
  27. Ananas comosus [ncbi taxid: 4615]
  28. Annona muricata [ncbi taxid: 13337]
  29. Annona rensoniana [ncbi taxid: 1129537]
  30. Apium graveolens [ncbi taxid: 4045]
  31. Aplidium multiplicatum [ncbi taxid: 3106037]
  32. Aplophyllum popovii [ncbi taxid: ]
  33. Arabidopsis thaliana [ncbi taxid: 3702]
  34. Arachis hypogaea [ncbi taxid: 3818]
  35. Arachniodes dimorphophylla [ncbi taxid: 872350]
  36. Arctium lappa [ncbi taxid: 4217]
  37. Argyreia speciosa [ncbi taxid: ]
  38. Aristolochia maxima [ncbi taxid: 158557]
  39. Armoracia rusticana [ncbi taxid: 3704]
  40. Artemisia cina [ncbi taxid: 1473222]
  41. Artemisia vachanica [ncbi taxid: 1903237]
  42. Artocarpus altilis [ncbi taxid: 194251]
  43. Artocarpus styracifolius [ncbi taxid: 1009334]
  44. Ascochyta caulina [ncbi taxid: 565413]
  45. Asparagus officinalis [ncbi taxid: 4686]
  46. Asteriscus graveolens [ncbi taxid: 73976]
  47. Asteriscus sericeus [ncbi taxid: 41614]
  48. Astragalus captiosus [ncbi taxid: 3083996]
  49. Astragalus kahiricus [ncbi taxid: 339497]
  50. Astragalus oxyphysus [ncbi taxid: 90201]
  51. Avena sativa [ncbi taxid: 4498]
  52. Averrhoa carambola [ncbi taxid: 28974]
  53. Baccharis megapotamica [ncbi taxid: 2707461]
  54. Bacterial str [ncbi taxid: ]
  55. Bauhinia candicans [ncbi taxid: ]
  56. Benincasa hispida [ncbi taxid: 102211]
  57. Bergenia purpurascens [ncbi taxid: 482967]
  58. Beta vulgaris [ncbi taxid: 161934]
  59. Betula mandshurica [ncbi taxid: ]
  60. Bischofia trifoliata [ncbi taxid: ]
  61. Bombus muscorum [ncbi taxid: 203813]
  62. Bos taurus [ncbi taxid: 9913]
  63. Botrylloides tyreum [ncbi taxid: ]
  64. Brassica alboglabra [ncbi taxid: ]
  65. Brassica juncea [ncbi taxid: 3707]
  66. Brassica napus [ncbi taxid: 3708]
  67. Brassica oleracea [ncbi taxid: 3712]
  68. Brassica rapa [ncbi taxid: 3711]
  69. Brassica ruvo [ncbi taxid: ]
  70. Bupleurum chinense [ncbi taxid: 52451]
  71. Bupleurum falcatum [ncbi taxid: 46367]
  72. Bupleurum scorzonerifolium [ncbi taxid: 48105]
  73. Cacalia bicolor [ncbi taxid: ]
  74. Cajanus cajan [ncbi taxid: 3821]
  75. Callicarpa furfuracea [ncbi taxid: 536995]
  76. Camellia sinensis [ncbi taxid: 4442]
  77. Cannabis sativa [ncbi taxid: 3483]
  78. Capparis spinosa [ncbi taxid: 65558]
  79. Capsella bursa [ncbi taxid: ]
  80. Capsicum annuum [ncbi taxid: 4072]
  81. Caragana tibetica [ncbi taxid: 390503]
  82. Carapichea ipecacuanha [ncbi taxid: 77880]
  83. Carica papaya [ncbi taxid: 3649]
  84. Carthamus tinctorius [ncbi taxid: 4222]
  85. Carum carvi [ncbi taxid: 48032]
  86. Carya illinoinensis [ncbi taxid: 32201]
  87. Centaurea glastifolia [ncbi taxid: 75647]
  88. Centrosema pascuorum [ncbi taxid: 1983288]
  89. Ceratonia siliqua [ncbi taxid: 20340]
  90. Ceratozamia fuscoviridis [ncbi taxid: 1115353]
  91. Changium smyrnioides [ncbi taxid: 386280]
  92. Chelidonium majus [ncbi taxid: 71251]
  93. Chelonia mydas [ncbi taxid: 8469]
  94. Chenopodium album [ncbi taxid: 3559]
  95. Chenopodium quinoa [ncbi taxid: 63459]
  96. Chondodendron toxicoferum [ncbi taxid: ]
  97. Chondrus crispus [ncbi taxid: 2769]
  98. Chrozophora prostrata [ncbi taxid: ]
  99. Chrysanthemum coronarium [ncbi taxid: ]
  100. Chrysolina fastuosa [ncbi taxid: 75514]
  101. Cicer arietinum [ncbi taxid: 3827]
  102. Cichorium endivia [ncbi taxid: 114280]
  103. Cichorium intybus [ncbi taxid: 13427]
  104. Cinnamodendron axillare [ncbi taxid: 549613]
  105. Cinnamomum aromaticum [ncbi taxid: 119260]
  106. Citrullus lanatus [ncbi taxid: 3654]
  107. Citrus aurantium [ncbi taxid: ]
  108. Citrus glauca [ncbi taxid: 76963]
  109. Citrus latifolia [ncbi taxid: ]
  110. Citrus limon [ncbi taxid: ]
  111. Citrus paradisi [ncbi taxid: ]
  112. Citrus reticulata [ncbi taxid: 85571]
  113. Citrus sinensis [ncbi taxid: 2711]
  114. Clavaria pyxidata [ncbi taxid: ]
  115. Clonostachys rosea [ncbi taxid: 29856]
  116. Cocos nucifera [ncbi taxid: 13894]
  117. Codium decorticatum [ncbi taxid: 414126]
  118. Coespeletia marcana [ncbi taxid: ]
  119. Coffea arabica [ncbi taxid: 13443]
  120. Coffea canephora [ncbi taxid: 49390]
  121. Coleus frederici [ncbi taxid: ]
  122. Colocasia esculenta [ncbi taxid: 4460]
  123. Combretum micranthum [ncbi taxid: 578542]
  124. Coptis chinensis [ncbi taxid: 261450]
  125. Coptis deltoidea [ncbi taxid: 261449]
  126. Coptis japonica [ncbi taxid: 3442]
  127. Coptis teeta [ncbi taxid: 261448]
  128. Corchorus olitorius [ncbi taxid: 93759]
  129. Coregonus artedi [ncbi taxid: 36181]
  130. Coreopsis nodosa [ncbi taxid: ]
  131. Coriandrum sativum [ncbi taxid: 4047]
  132. Coryphantha elephantidens [ncbi taxid: 278499]
  133. Cotoneaster orbicularis [ncbi taxid: 1851000]
  134. Crassostrea virginica [ncbi taxid: 6565]
  135. Crataegus sinaica [ncbi taxid: 298646]
  136. Critonia quadrangularis [ncbi taxid: 1475404]
  137. Cryptotermes cynocephalus [ncbi taxid: 105781]
  138. Cucumaria okhotensis [ncbi taxid: ]
  139. Cucumis melo [ncbi taxid: 3656]
  140. Cucumis sativus [ncbi taxid: 3659]
  141. Cucurbita maxima [ncbi taxid: 3661]
  142. Cucurbita pepo [ncbi taxid: 3663]
  143. Cullen corylifolium [ncbi taxid: 429560]
  144. Cuminum cyminum [ncbi taxid: 52462]
  145. Curcuma longa [ncbi taxid: 136217]
  146. Cuscuta reflexa [ncbi taxid: 4129]
  147. Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus [ncbi taxid: 59895]
  148. Cyprinus carpio [ncbi taxid: 7962]
  149. Dacrydium cupressinum [ncbi taxid: 56890]
  150. Dacrydium fonki [ncbi taxid: ]
  151. Dacrydium intermedium [ncbi taxid: ]
  152. Daphnia magna [ncbi taxid: 35525]
  153. Daucus carota [ncbi taxid: 4039]
  154. Dickeya chrysanthemi [ncbi taxid: 556]
  155. Diospyros kaki [ncbi taxid: 35925]
  156. Discaria crenata [ncbi taxid: ]
  157. Dolichospermum affine [ncbi taxid: 119677]
  158. Dorstenia mannii [ncbi taxid: 194258]
  159. Eragrostis tef [ncbi taxid: 110835]
  160. Erigeron crispus [ncbi taxid: ]
  161. Erignathus barbatus [ncbi taxid: 39304]
  162. Eruca vesicaria [ncbi taxid: 180536]
  163. Escherichia coli [ncbi taxid: 562]
  164. Eupatorium gracile [ncbi taxid: ]
  165. Euphorbia armena [ncbi taxid: ]
  166. Euphorbia ferganensis [ncbi taxid: 1333909]
  167. Euphorbia hirta [ncbi taxid: 318062]
  168. Eutrochium maculatum [ncbi taxid: 102765]
  169. Fagopyrum esculentum [ncbi taxid: 3617]
  170. Ficus carica [ncbi taxid: 3494]
  171. Ficus simplicissima [ncbi taxid: 1822162]
  172. Flammulina velutipes [ncbi taxid: 38945]
  173. Flemingia congesta [ncbi taxid: 2730189]
  174. Fomes cajanderi [ncbi taxid: ]
  175. FOOD SAKE [ncbi taxid: ]
  176. Forsythia giraldiana [ncbi taxid: 205689]
  177. Fragaria x ananassa [ncbi taxid: 3747]
  178. Galanthus nivalis [ncbi taxid: 4670]
  179. Ganoderma australe [ncbi taxid: 34457]
  180. Gardenia jasminoides [ncbi taxid: 114476]
  181. Glycine max [ncbi taxid: 3847]
  182. Glycine tomentella [ncbi taxid: 44015]
  183. Grifola frondosa [ncbi taxid: 5627]
  184. Grindelia havardii [ncbi taxid: 1114740]
  185. Haematococcus lacustris [ncbi taxid: 44745]
  186. Haplophyllum dauricum [ncbi taxid: 452773]
  187. Helianthus annuus [ncbi taxid: 4232]
  188. Helianthus tuberosus [ncbi taxid: 4233]
  189. Helichrysum heterolasium [ncbi taxid: 3030090]
  190. Helichrysum revolutum [ncbi taxid: 2584535]
  191. Helminthosporium ravenelii [ncbi taxid: ]
  192. Hibiscus sabbariffa [ncbi taxid: ]
  193. Hirsutella nivea [ncbi taxid: 587367]
  194. Homo sapiens [ncbi taxid: 9606]
  195. Hordeum vulgare [ncbi taxid: 4513]
  196. Human immunodeficiency [ncbi taxid: ]
  197. Hydrodictyon reticulatum [ncbi taxid: 3107]
  198. Hypoxylon rubiginosum [ncbi taxid: 110542]
  199. Ictalurus punctatus [ncbi taxid: 7998]
  200. Ipomoea batatas [ncbi taxid: 4120]
  201. Isodon rubescens [ncbi taxid: 587669]
  202. Jasminum officinale [ncbi taxid: 126433]
  203. Juglans regia [ncbi taxid: 51240]
  204. Julocroton camporum [ncbi taxid: ]
  205. Krameria parvifolia [ncbi taxid: ]
  206. Lablab purpureus [ncbi taxid: 35936]
  207. Lactuca sativa [ncbi taxid: 4236]
  208. Lagenaria siceraria [ncbi taxid: 3668]
  209. Lasiocephalus ovatus [ncbi taxid: 422332]
  210. Laurencia nidifica [ncbi taxid: 689809]
  211. Lecanora coniza [ncbi taxid: ]
  212. Lecanora planaica [ncbi taxid: ]
  213. Lemaireocereus weberi [ncbi taxid: ]
  214. Lens culinaris [ncbi taxid: 3864]
  215. Lentinus edodes [ncbi taxid: ]
  216. Lepidium sativum [ncbi taxid: 33125]
  217. Libanotis intermedia [ncbi taxid: ]
  218. Libanotis lehmanniana [ncbi taxid: ]
  219. Ligularia platyglossa [ncbi taxid: 262739]
  220. Linum usitatissimum [ncbi taxid: 4006]
  221. Litchi chinensis [ncbi taxid: 151069]
  222. Luffa aegyptiaca [ncbi taxid: 3670]
  223. Macrotyloma axillare [ncbi taxid: 3876]
  224. Mallotus philippensis [ncbi taxid: 316645]
  225. Malus asiatica [ncbi taxid: 106548]
  226. Malus pumila [ncbi taxid: 283210]
  227. Mangifera indica [ncbi taxid: 29780]
  228. Manihot esculenta [ncbi taxid: 3983]
  229. Marrubium supinum [ncbi taxid: 155230]
  230. Matricaria inodora [ncbi taxid: ]
  231. Medicago sativa [ncbi taxid: 3879]
  232. Melanogrammus aeglefinus [ncbi taxid: 8056]
  233. Melilotus officinalis [ncbi taxid: 47083]
  234. Mentha aquatica var. citrata [ncbi taxid: 650269]
  235. Metalasia bolusii [ncbi taxid: ]
  236. Mikania obtusata [ncbi taxid: 2855424]
  237. Mola mola [ncbi taxid: 94237]
  238. Momordica charantia [ncbi taxid: 3673]
  239. Montrouziera sphaeroidea [ncbi taxid: 198781]
  240. Moringa oleifera [ncbi taxid: 3735]
  241. Morus nigra [ncbi taxid: 85232]
  242. Mus musculus [ncbi taxid: 10090]
  243. Musa acuminata [ncbi taxid: 4641]
  244. Musa x paradisiaca [ncbi taxid: 89151]
  245. Mycetinis scorodonius [ncbi taxid: 182058]
  246. Myristica fragrans [ncbi taxid: 51089]
  247. Nasturtium officinale [ncbi taxid: 65948]
  248. Nephelium maingayi [ncbi taxid: 1277290]
  249. Nephroma antarcticum [ncbi taxid: 209560]
  250. Nicotiana undulata [ncbi taxid: 118713]
  251. Ocimum basilicum [ncbi taxid: 39350]
  252. Oenanthe phellandrium [ncbi taxid: ]
  253. Olea europaea [ncbi taxid: 4146]
  254. Oncorhynchus gorbuscha [ncbi taxid: 8017]
  255. Oncorhynchus kisutch [ncbi taxid: 8019]
  256. Oncorhynchus mykiss [ncbi taxid: 8022]
  257. Oncorhynchus nerka [ncbi taxid: 8023]
  258. Oncorhynchus tshawytscha [ncbi taxid: 74940]
  259. Onopordum acanthium [ncbi taxid: 92915]
  260. Opuntia cochenillifera [ncbi taxid: ]
  261. Opuntia macrorhiza [ncbi taxid: 1041245]
  262. Oreosolen wattii [ncbi taxid: ]
  263. Origanum majorana [ncbi taxid: 268884]
  264. Origanum vulgare [ncbi taxid: 39352]
  265. Orthosphenia mexicana [ncbi taxid: 123438]
  266. Oryza sativa [ncbi taxid: 4530]
  267. Osteospermum jucundum [ncbi taxid: ]
  268. Oxyanthus speciosus [ncbi taxid: 353880]
  269. Pachyrhizus erosus [ncbi taxid: 109171]
  270. Panax schinseng [ncbi taxid: ]
  271. Panicum miliaceum [ncbi taxid: 4540]
  272. Papaver somniferum [ncbi taxid: 3469]
  273. Parmelia cetrarioides [ncbi taxid: ]
  274. Passiflora edulis [ncbi taxid: 78168]
  275. Passiflora incarnata [ncbi taxid: 159425]
  276. Pediomelum esculentum [ncbi taxid: 458363]
  277. Pentapora fascialis [ncbi taxid: 1118983]
  278. Persea americana [ncbi taxid: 3435]
  279. Petroselinum crispum [ncbi taxid: 4043]
  280. Phalium undulatum [ncbi taxid: ]
  281. Phaseolus lunatus [ncbi taxid: 3884]
  282. Phaseolus vulgaris [ncbi taxid: 3885]
  283. Phlegmariurus phlegmaria [ncbi taxid: 41007]
  284. Phoenix dactylifera [ncbi taxid: 42345]
  285. Phomopsis archeri [ncbi taxid: ]
  286. Phyllanthus assamicus [ncbi taxid: 1384177]
  287. Phyllidiella pustulosa [ncbi taxid: 154616]
  288. Phyllospongia madagascarensis [ncbi taxid: ]
  289. Physalis philadelphica [ncbi taxid: 304130]
  290. Phytolacca americana [ncbi taxid: 3527]
  291. Pimpinella saxifraga [ncbi taxid: 40959]
  292. Piper mullesua [ncbi taxid: 126644]
  293. Piper nigrum [ncbi taxid: 13216]
  294. Pisum sativum [ncbi taxid: ]
  295. Pithecellobium clypearia [ncbi taxid: ]
  296. Plantago depressa [ncbi taxid: 411227]
  297. Pleurotus ostreatus [ncbi taxid: 5322]
  298. Polygala myrtifolia [ncbi taxid: 292129]
  299. Polyscias scutellaria [ncbi taxid: 150539]
  300. Poria corticola [ncbi taxid: ]
  301. Porphyra laciniata [ncbi taxid: ]
  302. Portulaca oleracea [ncbi taxid: 46147]
  303. Prunus armeniaca [ncbi taxid: 36596]
  304. Prunus avium [ncbi taxid: 42229]
  305. Prunus cerasus [ncbi taxid: 140311]
  306. Prunus domestica [ncbi taxid: 3758]
  307. Prunus dulcis [ncbi taxid: 3755]
  308. Prunus persica [ncbi taxid: 3760]
  309. Prunus virginiana [ncbi taxid: 133204]
  310. Pseudocyphellaria impressa [ncbi taxid: ]
  311. Psidium guajava [ncbi taxid: 120290]
  312. Pterocladiella tenuis [ncbi taxid: 947988]
  313. Punica granatum [ncbi taxid: 22663]
  314. Pyrus communis [ncbi taxid: 23211]
  315. Pyrus pyraster [ncbi taxid: 356590]
  316. Pyrus pyrifolia [ncbi taxid: 3767]
  317. Quercus dentata [ncbi taxid: 103484]
  318. Rapanea myricoides [ncbi taxid: ]
  319. Raphanus sativus [ncbi taxid: 3726]
  320. Relhania pumila [ncbi taxid: ]
  321. Rheum rhabarbarum [ncbi taxid: 3621]
  322. Rheum tanguticum [ncbi taxid: 137226]
  323. Rhinoceros sondaicus [ncbi taxid: 102233]
  324. Rhodiola krylovii [ncbi taxid: ]
  325. Ribes rubrum [ncbi taxid: 175228]
  326. Rubus idaeus [ncbi taxid: 32247]
  327. Rubus loganobaccus [ncbi taxid: ]
  328. Rubus ursinus [ncbi taxid: 75100]
  329. Saccharomyces cerevisiae [ncbi taxid: 4932]
  330. Saccharomyces pastori [ncbi taxid: ]
  331. Salacia prinoides [ncbi taxid: ]
  332. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium [ncbi taxid: 90371]
  333. Salvia officinalis [ncbi taxid: 38868]
  334. Sarcocapnos baetica [ncbi taxid: 107195]
  335. Sarcomelicope argyrophylla [ncbi taxid: 1226109]
  336. Secale cereale [ncbi taxid: 4550]
  337. Sechium edule [ncbi taxid: ]
  338. Securidaca diversifolia [ncbi taxid: 4278]
  339. Senecio candollei [ncbi taxid: 462509]
  340. Senecio latifolius [ncbi taxid: 422353]
  341. Senecio paludaffinis [ncbi taxid: 1892289]
  342. Senecio rivularis [ncbi taxid: ]
  343. Senegalia senegal [ncbi taxid: 138043]
  344. Sesamum orientale [ncbi taxid: ]
  345. Sida cordifolia [ncbi taxid: 108362]
  346. Sinapis alba [ncbi taxid: 3728]
  347. Solanum bahamense [ncbi taxid: 329764]
  348. Solanum elaeagnifolium [ncbi taxid: 115664]
  349. Solanum lycopersicum [ncbi taxid: 4081]
  350. Solanum melongena [ncbi taxid: 4111]
  351. Solanum tuberosum [ncbi taxid: 4113]
  352. Sonchus arboreus [ncbi taxid: 50219]
  353. Spinacia glabra [ncbi taxid: ]
  354. Spinacia oleracea [ncbi taxid: 3562]
  355. Stenodus leucichthys [ncbi taxid: 59296]
  356. Stenotomus chrysops [ncbi taxid: 35579]
  357. Stevia mercedensis [ncbi taxid: ]
  358. Streptomyces avidinii [ncbi taxid: 1895]
  359. Streptomyces chromofuscus [ncbi taxid: 42881]
  360. Streptomyces flocculus [ncbi taxid: ]
  361. Streptomyces griseolus [ncbi taxid: 1909]
  362. Streptomyces purpeofuscus [ncbi taxid: ]
  363. Streptomyces xantholiticus [ncbi taxid: 68285]
  364. Strychnos tabascana [ncbi taxid: 1040932]
  365. Styrax perkinsiae [ncbi taxid: 153547]
  366. Sus scrofa [ncbi taxid: 9823]
  367. Sus scrofa domesticus [ncbi taxid: 9825]
  368. Swainsona salsula [ncbi taxid: ]
  369. Swertia chinensis [ncbi taxid: 149060]
  370. Swinglea glutinosa [ncbi taxid: 159066]
  371. Symploca hydnoides [ncbi taxid: 207924]
  372. Syzygium aromaticum [ncbi taxid: 219868]
  373. Syzygium cumini [ncbi taxid: 260142]
  374. Tachigalia paniculata [ncbi taxid: ]
  375. Tamarindus indica [ncbi taxid: 58860]
  376. Taraxacum officinale [ncbi taxid: 50225]
  377. Theobroma cacao [ncbi taxid: 3641]
  378. Thuja standishii [ncbi taxid: 89194]
  379. Thunnus albacares [ncbi taxid: 8236]
  380. Thymus vulgaris [ncbi taxid: 49992]
  381. Tinospora smilacina [ncbi taxid: 461643]
  382. Tragopogon porrifolius [ncbi taxid: 13731]
  383. Tridacna gigas [ncbi taxid: 80829]
  384. Trigonella foenum-graecum [ncbi taxid: 78534]
  385. Trigonella grandiflora [ncbi taxid: 1210110]
  386. Trigonostemon reidioides [ncbi taxid: 2606832]
  387. Trimenia moorei [ncbi taxid: 88920]
  388. Tripolium pannonicum [ncbi taxid: 74787]
  389. Triticum aestivum [ncbi taxid: 4565]
  390. Triticum turanicum [ncbi taxid: ]
  391. Tropaeolum speciosum [ncbi taxid: 147033]
  392. Tropiometra afra [ncbi taxid: 707739]
  393. Tussilago farfara [ncbi taxid: 118778]
  394. Typha angustifolia [ncbi taxid: 59011]
  395. Undaria pinnatifida [ncbi taxid: 74381]
  396. Uvaria calamistrata [ncbi taxid: 672966]
  397. Vaccinium macrocarpon [ncbi taxid: 13750]
  398. Vandopsis longicaulis [ncbi taxid: ]
  399. Vatica diospyroides [ncbi taxid: 340447]
  400. Verbesina rupestris [ncbi taxid: ]
  401. Vernonia profuga [ncbi taxid: 434704]
  402. Vicia faba [ncbi taxid: 3906]
  403. Vigna mungo [ncbi taxid: 3915]
  404. Vigna radiata [ncbi taxid: 157791]
  405. Vigna unguiculata [ncbi taxid: 3917]
  406. Vitis vinifera [ncbi taxid: 29760]
  407. Wallago attu [ncbi taxid: 36718]
  408. Xanthium strumarium [ncbi taxid: 318068]
  409. Xiphias gladius [ncbi taxid: 8245]
  410. Zea mays [ncbi taxid: 4577]
  411. Zingiber officinale [ncbi taxid: 94328]

Pathway Synthetic

pathway id name
BioCyc:HUMAN_PWY66-414 superpathway of choline degradation to L-serine
BioCyc:META_PWY-3542 choline biosynthesis II
BioCyc:META_PWY4FS-5 superpathway of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis
BioCyc:YEAST_LIPASYN-PWY-1 phospholipids degradation
BioCyc:ARA_PWY-3385 choline biosynthesis I
BioCyc:TRYPANO_PWY3O-450 phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis I
BioCyc:PLASMO_PWY-3385 choline biosynthesis I
BioCyc:PLASMO_PWY-3561 choline biosynthesis III
BioCyc:ECOO157_BETSYN-PWY glycine betaine biosynthesis I (Gram-negative bacteria)
BioCyc:ECOO157_CHOLINE-BETAINE-ANA-PWY choline degradation I
BioCyc:CAULO_LIPASYN-PWY phospholipases
BioCyc:ANTHRA_LIPASYN-PWY phospholipases
BioCyc:AGRO_BETSYN-PWY glycine betaine biosynthesis I (Gram-negative bacteria)
BioCyc:AGRO_PWY-6826 phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis VI
BioCyc:MOUSE_PWY-3561 choline biosynthesis III
BioCyc:SCO_CHOLINE-BETAINE-ANA-PWY choline degradation I
BioCyc:SCO_PWY-3722 glycine betaine biosynthesis II (Gram-positive bacteria)
BioCyc:SCO_PWY1F-353 glycine betaine biosynthesis III (plants)
BioCyc:BSUB_PWY-3722 glycine betaine biosynthesis II (Gram-positive bacteria)
BioCyc:FLY_PWY3O-450 phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis I
View All Pathways