Cytokine Signaling in Immune system
Schierhorn KL, Jolmes F, Bespalowa J, Saenger S, Peteranderl C, Dzieciolowski J, Mielke M, Budt M, Pleschka S, Herrmann A, Herold S, Wolff T. Influenza A Virus Virulence Depends on Two Amino Acids in the N-Terminal Domain of Its NS1 Protein To Facilitate Inhibition of the RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase PKR. J Virol. 2017 May 15;91(10). PMID: 28250123; PMCID: PMC5411612.; Melén K, Kinnunen L, Fagerlund R, Ikonen N, Twu KY, Krug RM, Julkunen I. Nuclear and nucleolar targeting of influenza A virus NS1 protein: striking differences between different virus subtypes. J Virol. 2007 Jun;81(11):5995–6006. PMID: 17376915; PMCID: PMC1900311.; Dauber B, Schneider J, Wolff T. Double-stranded RNA binding of influenza B virus nonstructural NS1 protein inhibits protein kinase R but is not essential to antagonize production of alpha/beta interferon. J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11667–77. PMID: 16987984; PMCID: PMC1642593.; Li S, Min JY, Krug RM, Sen GC. Binding of the influenza A virus NS1 protein to PKR mediates the inhibition of its activation by either PACT or double-stranded RNA. Virology. 2006 May 25;349(1):13–21. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.01.005. PMID: 16466763.; Cros JF, García-Sastre A, Palese P. An unconventional NLS is critical for the nuclear import of the influenza A virus nucleoprotein and ribonucleoprotein. Traffic. 2005 Mar;6(3):205–13. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2005.00263.x. PMID: 15702989.; Santamaria P. Cytokines and chemokines in autoimmune disease: an overview. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;520():1–7. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0171-8_1. PMID: 12613569.; Bergmann M, Garcia-Sastre A, Carnero E, Pehamberger H, Wolff K, Palese P, Muster T. Influenza Virus NS1 Protein Counteracts PKR-Mediated Inhibition of Replication. J Virol. 2000 Jul;74(13):6203–6. doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.13.6203-6206.2000.; Hatada E, Saito S, Fukuda R. Mutant Influenza Viruses with a Defective NS1 Protein Cannot Block the Activation of PKR in Infected Cells. J Virol. 1999 Mar;73(3):2425–33. doi: 10.1128/jvi.73.3.2425-2433.1999.; TAN S, KATZE MG. Biochemical and Genetic Evidence for Complex Formation Between the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein and the Interferon-induced PKR Protein Kinase. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research. 1998 Sep;18(9):757–66. doi: 10.1089/jir.1998.18.757.; O'Neill RE, Jaskunas R, Blobel G, Palese P, Moroianu J. Nuclear Import of Influenza Virus RNA Can Be Mediated by Viral Nucleoprotein and Transport Factors Required for Protein Import. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1995 Sep;270(39):22701–4. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.39.22701.
Metabolites
Diphosphoric acid,P-(3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienyl) ester
Formula: C15H28O7P2 (382.1310198)
CAS ID: 13058-04-3
Enzyme
| EC Number | name | full name | note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.8.-.- | |||
| 1.14.14.18 | heme oxygenase (biliverdin-producing) | protoheme,NADPH-hemoprotein reductase:oxygen oxidoreductase (alpha-methene-oxidizing, hydroxylating) | |
| 1.14.99.1 | prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase | (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase | |
| 1.15.1.1 | superoxide dismutase | superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase | |
| 1.20.4.2 | methylarsonate reductase | glutathione:methylarsonate oxidoreductase | |
| 1.3.1.91 | tRNA-dihydrouridine20 synthase [NAD(P)+] | tRNA-5,6-dihydrouracil20:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase | |
| 1.4.3.21 | primary-amine oxidase | primary-amine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) | |
| 1.4.3.4 | monoamine oxidase | amine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) | |
| 1.8.5.1 | glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate) | glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase | |
| 2.1.1.56 | mRNA (guanine-N7)-methyltransferase | S-adenosyl-L-methionine:mRNA (guanine-N7)-methyltransferase | |
| 2.2.1.2 | transaldolase | sedoheptulose-7-phosphate:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glyceronetransferase | |
| 2.3.2.23 | E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme | S-ubiquitinyl-[E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme]-L-cysteine:[E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme] ubiquitinyl transferase | |
| 2.3.2.26 | HECT-type E3 ubiquitin transferase | [E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme]-S-ubiquitinyl-L-cysteine:[acceptor protein] ubiquitin transferase (isopeptide bond-forming) | |
| 2.3.2.27 | RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase | [E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme]-S-ubiquitinyl-L-cysteine:[acceptor protein] ubiquitin transferase (isopeptide bond-forming; RING-type) | |
| 2.3.2.31 | RBR-type E3 ubiquitin transferase | [E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme]-S-ubiquitinyl-L-cysteine:acceptor protein ubiquitin transferase (isopeptide bond-forming; RBR-type) | |
| 2.3.2.32 | cullin-RING-type E3 NEDD8 transferase | [E2 NEDD8-conjugating enzyme]-S-[NEDD8-protein]-yl-L-cysteine:[cullin] [NEDD8-protein] transferase (isopeptide bond-forming; RING-type) | |
| 2.3.2.34 | E2 NEDD8-conjugating enzyme | [E1 NEDD8-activating enzyme]-S-[NEDD8 protein]-yl-L-cysteine:[E2 NEDD8-conjugating enzyme] [NEDD8-protein]-yl transferase | |
| 2.4.2.28 | S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphorylase | S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine:phosphate S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribosyl-transferase | |
| 2.5.1.18 | glutathione transferase | RX:glutathione R-transferase | |
| 2.5.1.58 | protein farnesyltransferase | farnesyl-diphosphate:protein-cysteine farnesyltransferase | |
| 2.5.1.59 | protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I | geranylgeranyl-diphosphate:protein-cysteine geranyltransferase | |
| 2.7.1.137 | phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase | ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.1.153 | phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase | ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.1.91 | sphingosine kinase | ATP:sphingoid base 1-phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.10.1 | receptor protein-tyrosine kinase | ATP:[protein]-L-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (receptor-type) | |
| 2.7.10.2 | non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase | ATP:[protein]-L-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase (non-specific) | |
| 2.7.11.1 | non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase | ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) | |
| 2.7.11.10 | IkappaB kinase | ATP:[IkappaB protein] phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.11.11 | cAMP-dependent protein kinase | ATP:protein Ser/Thr-phosphotransferase (3',5'-cAMP-dependent) | |
| 2.7.11.22 | cyclin-dependent kinase | ATP:cyclin phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.11.23 | [RNA-polymerase]-subunit kinase | ATP:[DNA-directed RNA polymerase] phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.11.24 | mitogen-activated protein kinase | ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKK-activated) | |
| 2.7.11.25 | mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase | ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKKKK-activated) | |
| 2.7.12.2 | mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase | ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKKK-activated) | |
| 2.7.7.50 | mRNA guanylyltransferase | GTP:mRNA guanylyltransferase | |
| 2.7.7.84 | 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthase | ATP:ATP adenylyltransferase (2'-5' linkages-forming) | |
| 3.1.13.1 | exoribonuclease II | ||
| 3.1.13.4 | poly(A)-specific ribonuclease | ||
| 3.1.3.16 | protein-serine/threonine phosphatase | protein-serine/threonine-phosphate phosphohydrolase | |
| 3.1.3.36 | phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase | phosphatidyl-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate 4-phosphohydrolase | |
| 3.1.3.48 | protein-tyrosine-phosphatase | protein-tyrosine-phosphate phosphohydrolase | |
| 3.1.3.56 | inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase | 1D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphohydrolase | |
| 3.1.3.86 | phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase | 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphohydrolase | |
| 3.1.4.11 | phosphoinositide phospholipase C | 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltrisphosphohydrolase | |
| 3.2.2.6 | ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase | NAD+ glycohydrolase (cyclic ADP-ribose-forming) | |
| 3.4.19.12 | ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 | ||
| 3.4.21.20 | cathepsin G | ||
| 3.4.21.75 | Furin | ||
| 3.4.21.76 | Myeloblastin | ||
| 3.4.22.36 | caspase-1 | ||
| 3.4.22.56 | caspase-3 | ||
| 3.4.22.61 | caspase-8 | ||
| 3.4.24.86 | ADAM 17 endopeptidase | ||
| 3.4.25.1 | proteasome endopeptidase complex | ||
| 3.5.4.37 | double-stranded RNA adenine deaminase | double-stranded RNA(adenine) aminohydrolase | |
| 3.6.4.10 | non-chaperonin molecular chaperone ATPase | ATP phosphohydrolase (polypeptide-polymerizing) | |
| 3.6.4.13 | RNA helicase | ||
| 3.6.5.2 | small monomeric GTPase | GTP phosphohydrolase (cell-regulating) | |
| 3.6.5.3 | protein-synthesizing GTPase | GTP phosphohydrolase (mRNA-translation-assisting) | |
| 4.2.1.1 | carbonic anhydrase | carbonic acid hydro-lyase (carbon-dioxide-forming) | |
| 4.2.1.69 | cyanamide hydratase | urea hydro-lyase (cyanamide-forming) | |
| 5.2.1.8 | peptidylprolyl isomerase | Peptidylproline cis-trans-isomerase | |
| 5.3.2.1 | phenylpyruvate tautomerase | phenylpyruvate keto---enol-isomerase | |
| 5.3.3.12 | L-dopachrome isomerase | L-dopachrome keto-enol isomerase | |
| 5.3.4.1 | protein disulfide-isomerase | Protein disulfide-isomerase | |
| 6.2.1.64 | E1 NEDD8-activating enzyme | [NEDD8 protein]:[E1 NEDD8-activating enzyme] ligase (AMP-forming) |
Proteins
| Protein ID | name | full name |
|---|