Carbohydrate metabolism

Dashty M. A quick look at biochemistry: carbohydrate metabolism. Clin Biochem. 2013 Oct;46(15):1339–52. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.04.027. PMID: 23680095.

Metabolites

1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose

Formula: C6H10O5 (162.052821)

CAS ID: 75414-43-6

Acetaldehyde

Formula: C2H4O (44.0262134)

CAS ID: 75-07-0

alpha-D-Galactose

Formula: C6H12O6 (180.0633852)

CAS ID: 3646-73-9

beta-D-Galactose

Formula: C6H12O6 (180.0633852)

CAS ID: 7296-64-2

Calcium cation

Formula: Ca (39.962591)

CAS ID: 14127-61-8

CO2

Formula: CO2 (43.98983)

CAS ID: 124-38-9

D-Fructose

Formula: C6H12O6 (180.0633852)

CAS ID: 57-48-7

D-Glucose

Formula: C6H12O6 (180.0633852)

CAS ID: 50-99-7

D-Glyceraldehyde

Formula: C3H6O3 (90.0316926)

CAS ID: 453-17-8

D-Mannose

Formula: C6H12O6 (180.0633852)

CAS ID: 3458-28-4

D-Ribose

Formula: C5H10O5 (150.052821)

CAS ID: 50-69-1

D-Sorbitol

Formula: C6H14O6 (182.0790344)

CAS ID: 50-70-4

Fe2+

Formula: Fe (55.934939)

CAS ID: 15438-31-0

H+

Formula: H (1.0078246)

CAS ID: 12408-02-5

H2O

Formula: H2O (18.0105642)

CAS ID: 7732-18-5

HCO3-

Formula: HCO3 (60.9925696)

CAS ID: 71-52-3

Magnesium cation

Formula: Mg (23.98505)

CAS ID: 22537-22-0

Manganese(2+)

Formula: Mn (54.938046)

CAS ID: 7439-96-5

N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine

Formula: C8H15NO6 (221.089933)

CAS ID: 14215-68-0

Potassium cation

Formula: K (38.963708)

CAS ID: 24203-36-9

Ribitol

Formula: C5H12O5 (152.06847019999998)

CAS ID: 488-81-3

Succinate

Formula: C4H6O4 (118.0266076)

CAS ID: 110-15-6

Sulfate

Formula: H2SO4 (97.9673812)

CAS ID: 7664-93-9

Zinc cation

Formula: Zn (63.929145)

CAS ID: 23713-49-7

gulonate

Formula: C6H11O7 (195.0504756)

CAS ID: 2002-49-5

D-glucopyranuronate

Formula: C6H9O7 (193.0348264)

CAS ID: 148-00-5

oxaloacetate(2-)

Formula: C4H2O5 (129.9902242)

CAS ID: 149-63-3

2-oxoglutarate(2-)

Formula: C5H4O5 (144.00587339999998)

CAS ID: 64-15-3

acetate

Formula: C2H3O2 (59.0133038)

CAS ID: 71-50-1

pyruvate

Formula: C3H3O3 (87.00821880000001)

CAS ID: 57-60-3

citrate(3-)

Formula: C6H5O7 (189.00352800000002)

CAS ID: 126-44-3

NADPH(4-)

Formula: C21H26N7O17P3 (741.0598016)

CAS ID: 53-57-6

ATP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O13P3 (502.9644492)

CAS ID:

GTP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O14P3 (518.9593642)

CAS ID: 86527-72-2

NAD(1-)

Formula: C21H26N7O14P2 (662.1012936000001)

CAS ID: 53-84-9

UDP(3-)

Formula: C9H11N2O12P2 (400.9787246)

CAS ID: 86527-70-0

ADP(3-)

Formula: C10H12N5O10P2 (424.0059412)

CAS ID:

3',5'-cyclic AMP(1-)

Formula: C10H11N5O6P (328.0446936)

CAS ID: 62906-31-4

NADP(3-)

Formula: C21H25N7O17P3 (740.051977)

CAS ID: 53-59-8



Enzyme

EC Number name full name note
2.7.1.-
1.1.1.10 L-xylulose reductase xylitol:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase (L-xylulose-forming)
1.1.1.44 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (NADP+-dependent, decarboxylating) 6-phospho-D-gluconate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
1.1.1.49 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) D-glucose-6-phosphate:NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase
2.4.1.11 glycogen(starch) synthase UDP-glucose:glycogen 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase
2.4.1.133 xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase UDP-galactose:O-beta-D-xylosylprotein 4-beta-D-galactosyltransferase
2.4.1.134 galactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-galactosyltransferase UDP-galactose:4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein 3-beta-D-galactosyltransferase
2.4.1.135 galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate:[protein]-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl)-L-serine D-glucuronosyltransferase (configuration-inverting)
2.4.1.186 glycogenin glucosyltransferase UDP-alpha-D-glucose:glycogenin alpha-D-glucosyltransferase
2.4.1.223 glucuronosyl-galactosyl-proteoglycan 4-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine:[protein]-3-O-(beta-D-GlcA-(1->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Xyl)-L-serine 4IV-alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase (configuration-retaining)
2.4.1.224 glucuronosyl-N-acetylglucosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
2.4.1.225 N-acetylglucosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-beta-glucuronosyltransferase UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate:N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan 4-beta-glucuronosyltransferase
2.4.2.26 protein xylosyltransferase UDP-alpha-D-xylose:protein beta-D-xylosyltransferase (configuration-inverting)
2.7.1.105 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase ATP:beta-D-fructose-6-phosphate 2-phosphotransferase
2.7.1.11 6-phosphofructokinase ATP:D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase
2.7.1.147 ADP-specific glucose/glucosamine kinase ADP:D-glucose/D-glucosamine 6-phosphotransferase
2.7.1.25 adenylyl-sulfate kinase ATP:adenylyl-sulfate 3'-phosphotransferase
2.7.2.3 phosphoglycerate kinase ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase
2.7.7.12 UDP-glucose-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
2.7.7.4 sulfate adenylyltransferase ATP:sulfate adenylyltransferase
2.8.2.8 [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase
3.1.1.31 6-phosphogluconolactonase 6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactone lactonohydrolase
3.1.3.46 fructose-2,6-bisphosphate 2-phosphatase beta-D-fructose-2,6-bisphosphate 2-phosphohydrolase
3.2.1.25 beta-mannosidase beta-D-mannoside mannohydrolase
3.5.99.6 glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate aminohydrolase (ketol isomerizing)
4.1.2.13 fructose-bisphosphate aldolase D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase (glycerone-phosphate-forming)
4.1.2.4 deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase 2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phosphate acetaldehyde-lyase (D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-forming)
4.2.1.11 phosphopyruvate hydratase 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase (phosphoenolpyruvate-forming)
4.2.3.3 methylglyoxal synthase glycerone-phosphate phosphate-lyase (methylglyoxal-forming)
5.1.3.2 UDP-glucose 4-epimerase UDP-glucose 4-epimerase
5.1.3.7 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4-epimerase UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 4-epimerase
5.3.1.1 triose-phosphate isomerase D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate aldose-ketose-isomerase
5.3.1.6 ribose-5-phosphate isomerase D-ribose-5-phosphate aldose-ketose-isomerase
6.4.1.1 pyruvate carboxylase pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)


Proteins

Protein ID name full name