Fructose metabolism
DiNicolantonio JJ, O'Keefe JH, Lucan SC. Added fructose: a principal driver of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its consequences. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015 Mar;90(3):372–81. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.12.019. PMID: 25639270.; Kolderup A, Svihus B. Fructose Metabolism and Relation to Atherosclerosis, Type 2 Diabetes, and Obesity. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2015;2015():1–12. doi: 10.1155/2015/823081.; van Buul VJ, Tappy L, Brouns FJPH. Misconceptions about fructose-containing sugars and their role in the obesity epidemic. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2014 Mar 25;27(1):119–30. doi: 10.1017/s0954422414000067.; Bray GA. Energy and Fructose From Beverages Sweetened With Sugar or High-Fructose Corn Syrup Pose a Health Risk for Some People. Advances in Nutrition. 2013 Mar;4(2):220–5. doi: 10.3945/an.112.002816.; Rippe JM, Angelopoulos TJ. Sucrose, High-Fructose Corn Syrup, and Fructose, Their Metabolism and Potential Health Effects: What Do We Really Know? Advances in Nutrition. 2013 Mar;4(2):236–45. doi: 10.3945/an.112.002824.; Oates PJ. Aldose reductase, still a compelling target for diabetic neuropathy. Curr Drug Targets. 2008 Jan;9(1):14–36. doi: 10.2174/138945008783431781. PMID: 18220710.; Mayes P. Intermediary metabolism of fructose. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993 Nov;58(5):754S–765S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/58.5.754s.; Sillero MAG, Sillero A, Sols A. Enzymes Involved in Fructose Metabolism in Liver and the Glyceraldehyde Metabolic Crossroads. European Journal of Biochemistry. 1969 Sep;10(2):345–50. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00696.x.; HERS HG. [The mechanism of the formation of seminal fructose and fetal fructose]. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1960 Jan 01;37():127–38. doi: 10.1016/0006-3002(60)90086-x. PMID: 14401391.; HERS HG, KUSAKA T. [The metabolism of fructose-1-phosphate in the liver]. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1953 Jul;11(3):427–37. doi: 10.1016/0006-3002(53)90062-6. PMID: 13093749.
Metabolites
Enzyme
| EC Number | name | full name | note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.- | |||
| 1.1.1.14 | L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase | L-iditol:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase | |
| 1.1.1.21 | aldose reductase | alditol:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductase | |
| 1.1.1.300 | NADP-retinol dehydrogenase | retinol:NADP+ oxidoreductase | |
| 1.1.1.372 | D/L-glyceraldehyde reductase | glycerol:NADP+ oxidoreductase (D/L-glyceraldehyde-forming) | |
| 1.1.1.54 | allyl-alcohol dehydrogenase | allyl-alcohol:NADP+ oxidoreductase | |
| 1.1.1.9 | D-xylulose reductase | xylitol:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase (D-xylulose-forming) | |
| 1.2.1.19 | aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | 4-aminobutanal:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase | |
| 1.2.1.28 | benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) | benzaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase | |
| 1.2.1.3 | aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) | aldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase | |
| 1.2.1.36 | retinal dehydrogenase | retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase | |
| 2.7.1.28 | triokinase | ATP:D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.1.29 | glycerone kinase | ATP:glycerone phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.1.3 | ketohexokinase | ATP:D-fructose 1-phosphotransferase | |
| 2.7.1.31 | glycerate 3-kinase | ATP:D-glycerate 3-phosphotransferase | |
| 4.1.2.13 | fructose-bisphosphate aldolase | D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase (glycerone-phosphate-forming) | |
| 4.6.1.15 | FAD-AMP lyase (cyclizing) | FAD AMP-lyase (riboflavin-cyclic-4',5'-phosphate-forming) |
Proteins
| Protein ID | name | full name |
|---|