glycine betaine biosynthesis III (plants)

Hibino T, Waditee R, Araki E, Ishikawa H, Aoki K, Tanaka Y, Takabe T. Functional Characterization of Choline Monooxygenase, an Enzyme for Betaine Synthesis in Plants. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 Nov;277(44):41352–60. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m205965200.; Xing W, Rajashekar CB. Glycine betaine involvement in freezing tolerance and water stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2001 Aug;46(1):21–8. doi: 10.1016/s0098-8472(01)00078-8.; Burnet M, Lafontaine PJ, Hanson AD. Assay, Purification, and Partial Characterization of Choline Monooxygenase from Spinach. Plant Physiol. 1995 Jun;108(2):581–8. PMID: 12228495; PMCID: PMC157377.; Saneoka H, Nagasaka C, Hahn DT, Yang WJ, Premachandra GS, Joly RJ, Rhodes D. Salt Tolerance of Glycinebetaine-Deficient and -Containing Maize Lines. Plant Physiol. 1995 Feb;107(2):631–8. PMID: 12228387; PMCID: PMC157167.

Metabolites

Betaine aldehyde

Formula: C5H12NO (102.0918842)

CAS ID: 7418-61-3

Choline

Formula: C5H14NO (104.10753340000001)

CAS ID: 62-49-7

H+

Formula: H (1.0078246)

CAS ID: 12408-02-5

H2O

Formula: H2O (18.0105642)

CAS ID: 7732-18-5

Oxygen

Formula: O2 (31.98983)

CAS ID: 7782-44-7

Betaine

Formula: C5H12NO2 (118.08679919999999)

CAS ID: 6915-17-9

NAD(1-)

Formula: C21H26N7O14P2 (662.1012936000001)

CAS ID: 53-84-9



Enzyme

EC Number name full name note
1.2.1.-
1.2.1.19 aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase 4-aminobutanal:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase
1.2.1.47 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase 4-trimethylammoniobutanal:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase
1.2.1.54 gamma-guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase 4-guanidinobutanal:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase
1.2.1.8 betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase betaine-aldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase


Proteins

Protein ID name full name