Visual phototransduction
Korenbrot JI. Speed, sensitivity, and stability of the light response in rod and cone photoreceptors: Facts and models. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2012 Sep;31(5):442–66. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.05.002.; von Lintig J. Metabolism of Carotenoids and Retinoids Related to Vision. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2012 Jan;287(3):1627–34. doi: 10.1074/jbc.r111.303990.; Kefalov VJ. Rod and Cone Visual Pigments and Phototransduction through Pharmacological, Genetic, and Physiological Approaches. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2012 Jan;287(3):1635–41. doi: 10.1074/jbc.r111.303008.; Wang J, Kefalov VJ. The Cone-specific visual cycle. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2011 Mar;30(2):115–28. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.11.001.; D'Ambrosio DN, Clugston RD, Blaner WS. Vitamin A metabolism: an update. Nutrients. 2011 Jan;3(1):63–103. PMID: 21350678; PMCID: PMC3042718.; von Lintig J, Kiser PD, Golczak M, Palczewski K. The biochemical and structural basis for trans-to-cis isomerization of retinoids in the chemistry of vision. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 2010 Jul;35(7):400–10. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2010.01.005.; Burns ME, Pugh EN. Lessons from photoreceptors: turning off g-protein signaling in living cells. Physiology (Bethesda). 2010 Apr;25(2):72–84. PMID: 20430952; PMCID: PMC2880230.; Blomhoff R, Blomhoff HK. Overview of retinoid metabolism and function. J Neurobiol. 2006 Jun;66(7):606–30. doi: 10.1002/neu.20242. PMID: 16688755.; Harrison EH. Mechanisms of digestion and absorption of dietary vitamin A. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25():87–103. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092614. PMID: 16011460.; Wolf G. The visual cycle of the cone photoreceptors of the retina. Nutr Rev. 2004 Jul;62(7 Pt 1):283–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00053.x. PMID: 15384919.; Harrison EH, Hussain MM. Mechanisms Involved in the Intestinal Digestion and Absorption of Dietary Vitamin A. The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 May;131(5):1405–8. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.5.1405.; Pugh EN, Lamb TD. Amplification and kinetics of the activation steps in phototransduction. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1993 Mar;1141(2-3):111–49. doi: 10.1016/0005-2728(93)90038-h.
Metabolites
Diphosphoric acid,P-(3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienyl) ester
Formula: C15H28O7P2 (382.1310198)
CAS ID: 13058-04-3
Enzyme
| EC Number | name | full name | note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.13.11.63 | beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase | beta-carotene:oxygen 15,15'-dioxygenase (bond-cleaving) | |
| 1.14.14.79 | docosahexaenoic acid omega-hydroxylase | docosahexaenoate,[reduced NADPH-hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (22-hydroxydocosahexaenoate forming) | |
| 1.14.14.80 | long-chain fatty acid omega-monooxygenase | long-chain fatty acid,[reduced NADPH-hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (omega-hydroxylating) | |
| 2.1.1.60 | calmodulin-lysine N-methyltransferase | S-adenosyl-L-methionine:calmodulin-L-lysine N6-methyltransferase | |
| 2.3.1.135 | phosphatidylcholine-retinol O-acyltransferase | phosphatidylcholine:retinol---[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] O-acyltransferase | |
| 2.5.1.58 | protein farnesyltransferase | farnesyl-diphosphate:protein-cysteine farnesyltransferase | |
| 2.5.1.59 | protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I | geranylgeranyl-diphosphate:protein-cysteine geranyltransferase | |
| 2.7.11.14 | rhodopsin kinase | ATP:rhodopsin phosphotransferase | |
| 3.1.1.3 | triacylglycerol lipase | triacylglycerol acylhydrolase | |
| 3.1.1.4 | phospholipase A2 | phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase | |
| 3.1.1.5 | lysophospholipase | 2-lysophosphatidylcholine acylhydrolase | |
| 3.1.1.64 | retinoid isomerohydrolase | all-trans-retinyl ester acylhydrolase, 11-cis retinol forming | |
| 3.1.3.16 | protein-serine/threonine phosphatase | protein-serine/threonine-phosphate phosphohydrolase | |
| 3.4.11.18 | methionyl aminopeptidase | ||
| 5.3.3.22 | lutein isomerase | lutein DELTA4-DELTA5-isomerase |
Proteins
| Protein ID | name | full name |
|---|