Visual phototransduction

Korenbrot JI. Speed, sensitivity, and stability of the light response in rod and cone photoreceptors: Facts and models. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2012 Sep;31(5):442–66. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.05.002.; von Lintig J. Metabolism of Carotenoids and Retinoids Related to Vision. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2012 Jan;287(3):1627–34. doi: 10.1074/jbc.r111.303990.; Kefalov VJ. Rod and Cone Visual Pigments and Phototransduction through Pharmacological, Genetic, and Physiological Approaches. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2012 Jan;287(3):1635–41. doi: 10.1074/jbc.r111.303008.; Wang J, Kefalov VJ. The Cone-specific visual cycle. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2011 Mar;30(2):115–28. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.11.001.; D'Ambrosio DN, Clugston RD, Blaner WS. Vitamin A metabolism: an update. Nutrients. 2011 Jan;3(1):63–103. PMID: 21350678; PMCID: PMC3042718.; von Lintig J, Kiser PD, Golczak M, Palczewski K. The biochemical and structural basis for trans-to-cis isomerization of retinoids in the chemistry of vision. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 2010 Jul;35(7):400–10. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2010.01.005.; Burns ME, Pugh EN. Lessons from photoreceptors: turning off g-protein signaling in living cells. Physiology (Bethesda). 2010 Apr;25(2):72–84. PMID: 20430952; PMCID: PMC2880230.; Blomhoff R, Blomhoff HK. Overview of retinoid metabolism and function. J Neurobiol. 2006 Jun;66(7):606–30. doi: 10.1002/neu.20242. PMID: 16688755.; Harrison EH. Mechanisms of digestion and absorption of dietary vitamin A. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25():87–103. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092614. PMID: 16011460.; Wolf G. The visual cycle of the cone photoreceptors of the retina. Nutr Rev. 2004 Jul;62(7 Pt 1):283–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00053.x. PMID: 15384919.; Harrison EH, Hussain MM. Mechanisms Involved in the Intestinal Digestion and Absorption of Dietary Vitamin A. The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 May;131(5):1405–8. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.5.1405.; Pugh EN, Lamb TD. Amplification and kinetics of the activation steps in phototransduction. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1993 Mar;1141(2-3):111–49. doi: 10.1016/0005-2728(93)90038-h.

Metabolites

11-cis-Retinal

Formula: C20H28O (284.2140038)

CAS ID: 564-87-4

11-cis-Retinol

Formula: C20H30O (286.229653)

CAS ID: 22737-96-8

11-cis-Retinyl palmitate

Formula: C36H60O2 (524.459306)

CAS ID: 51249-33-3

beta-Carotene

Formula: C40H56 (536.4381776)

CAS ID: 7235-40-7

beta-Ionone

Formula: C13H20O (192.151407)

CAS ID: 79-77-6

Calcium cation

Formula: Ca (39.962591)

CAS ID: 14127-61-8

Cholesterol

Formula: C27H46O (386.3548466)

CAS ID: 57-88-5

Cobalt

Formula: Co (58.933198)

CAS ID: 7440-48-4

Fe2+

Formula: Fe (55.934939)

CAS ID: 15438-31-0

H+

Formula: H (1.0078246)

CAS ID: 12408-02-5

H2O

Formula: H2O (18.0105642)

CAS ID: 7732-18-5

Magnesium cation

Formula: Mg (23.98505)

CAS ID: 22537-22-0

Oxygen

Formula: O2 (31.98983)

CAS ID: 7782-44-7

Retinal

Formula: C20H28O (284.2140038)

CAS ID: 116-31-4

Retinol

Formula: C20H30O (286.229653)

CAS ID: 68-26-8

Retinyl palmitate

Formula: C36H60O2 (524.459306)

CAS ID: 79-81-2

Sodium cation

Formula: Na (22.98977)

CAS ID: 17341-25-2

hexadecanoate

Formula: C16H31O2 (255.2323926)

CAS ID: 143-20-4

palmitoyl-CoA(4-)

Formula: C37H62N7O17P3S (1001.3135592)

CAS ID: 1763-10-6

NADPH(4-)

Formula: C21H26N7O17P3 (741.0598016)

CAS ID: 53-57-6

ATP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O13P3 (502.9644492)

CAS ID:

GTP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O14P3 (518.9593642)

CAS ID: 86527-72-2

ADP(3-)

Formula: C10H12N5O10P2 (424.0059412)

CAS ID:

NADP(3-)

Formula: C21H25N7O17P3 (740.051977)

CAS ID: 53-59-8



Enzyme

EC Number name full name note
1.13.11.63 beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase beta-carotene:oxygen 15,15'-dioxygenase (bond-cleaving)
1.14.14.79 docosahexaenoic acid omega-hydroxylase docosahexaenoate,[reduced NADPH-hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (22-hydroxydocosahexaenoate forming)
1.14.14.80 long-chain fatty acid omega-monooxygenase long-chain fatty acid,[reduced NADPH-hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (omega-hydroxylating)
2.1.1.60 calmodulin-lysine N-methyltransferase S-adenosyl-L-methionine:calmodulin-L-lysine N6-methyltransferase
2.3.1.135 phosphatidylcholine-retinol O-acyltransferase phosphatidylcholine:retinol---[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] O-acyltransferase
2.5.1.58 protein farnesyltransferase farnesyl-diphosphate:protein-cysteine farnesyltransferase
2.5.1.59 protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I geranylgeranyl-diphosphate:protein-cysteine geranyltransferase
2.7.11.14 rhodopsin kinase ATP:rhodopsin phosphotransferase
3.1.1.3 triacylglycerol lipase triacylglycerol acylhydrolase
3.1.1.4 phospholipase A2 phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase
3.1.1.5 lysophospholipase 2-lysophosphatidylcholine acylhydrolase
3.1.1.64 retinoid isomerohydrolase all-trans-retinyl ester acylhydrolase, 11-cis retinol forming
3.1.3.16 protein-serine/threonine phosphatase protein-serine/threonine-phosphate phosphohydrolase
3.4.11.18 methionyl aminopeptidase
5.3.3.22 lutein isomerase lutein DELTA4-DELTA5-isomerase


Proteins

Protein ID name full name