SARS-CoV-1 activates/modulates innate immune responses

Jiang H, Zhang H, Meng Q, Xie J, Li Y, Chen H, Zheng Y, Wang X, Qi H, Zhang J, Wang P, Han Z, Tao S. SARS-CoV-2 Orf9b suppresses type I interferon responses by targeting TOM70. Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 2020 Jul 29;17(9):998–1000. doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-0514-8.; Fung TS, Liu DX. Human Coronavirus: Host-Pathogen Interaction. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2019 Sep 08;73():529–57. doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115759. PMID: 31226023.; Shi C, Nabar NR, Huang N, Kehrl JH. SARS-Coronavirus Open Reading Frame-8b triggers intracellular stress pathways and activates NLRP3 inflammasomes. Cell Death Discovery. 2019 Jun 05;5(1):101. doi: 10.1038/s41420-019-0181-7.; Siu KL, Yuen KS, Castaño-Rodriguez C, Ye ZW, Yeung ML, Fung SY, Yuan S, Chan CP, Yuen KY, Enjuanes L, Jin DY. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ORF3a protein activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting TRAF3-dependent ubiquitination of ASC. FASEB J. 2019 Aug;33(8):8865–77. PMID: 31034780; PMCID: PMC6662968.; Chen IY, Moriyama M, Chang MF, Ichinohe T. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Viroporin 3a Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Microbiol. 2019;10():50. PMID: 30761102; PMCID: PMC6361828.; Yue Y, Nabar NR, Shi C, Kamenyeva O, Xiao X, Hwang I, Wang M, Kehrl JH. SARS-Coronavirus Open Reading Frame-3a drives multimodal necrotic cell death. Cell Death & Disease. 2018 Sep 05;9(9):904. doi: 10.1038/s41419-018-0917-y.; Wong HH, Fung TS, Fang S, Huang M, Le MT, Liu DX. Accessory proteins 8b and 8ab of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus suppress the interferon signaling pathway by mediating ubiquitin-dependent rapid degradation of interferon regulatory factor 3. Virology. 2018 Feb;515():165–75. PMID: 29294448; PMCID: PMC7112132.; Channappanavar R, Perlman S. Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology. 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SARS coronavirus papain-like protease inhibits the type I interferon signaling pathway through interaction with the STING-TRAF3-TBK1 complex. Protein & Cell. 2014 Mar 14;5(5):369–81. doi: 10.1007/s13238-014-0026-3.; Siu K, Chan C, Kok K, Chiu-Yat Woo P, Jin D. Suppression of innate antiviral response by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus M protein is mediated through the first transmembrane domain. Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 2014 Feb 10;11(2):141–9. doi: 10.1038/cmi.2013.61.; Li Y, Chen M, Cao H, Zhu Y, Zheng J, Zhou H. Extraordinary GU-rich single-strand RNA identified from SARS coronavirus contributes an excessive innate immune response. Microbes and Infection. 2013 Feb;15(2):88–95. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.10.008.; Totura AL, Baric RS. SARS coronavirus pathogenesis: host innate immune responses and viral antagonism of interferon. Current Opinion in Virology. 2012 Jun;2(3):264–75. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.04.004.; Sun L, Xing Y, Chen X, Zheng Y, Yang Y, Nichols DB, Clementz MA, Banach BS, Li K, Baker SC, Chen Z. Coronavirus Papain-like Proteases Negatively Regulate Antiviral Innate Immune Response through Disruption of STING-Mediated Signaling. PLoS ONE. 2012 Feb 01;7(2):e30802. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030802.; Varshney B, Agnihothram S, Tan Y, Baric R, Lal SK. Correction: SARS Coronavirus 3b Accessory Protein Modulates Transcriptional Activity of RUNX1b. PLoS ONE. 2012 Mar 07;7(3). doi: 10.1371/annotation/64ae6047-0f9b-4d17-a065-e08c153aa435.; Pfefferle S, Schöpf J, Kögl M, Friedel CC, Müller MA, Carbajo-Lozoya J, Stellberger T, von Dall’Armi E, Herzog P, Kallies S, Niemeyer D, Ditt V, Kuri T, Züst R, Pumpor K, Hilgenfeld R, Schwarz F, Zimmer R, Steffen I, Weber F, Thiel V, Herrler G, Thiel H, Schwegmann-Weßels C, Pöhlmann S, Haas J, Drosten C, von Brunn A. The SARS-Coronavirus-Host Interactome: Identification of Cyclophilins as Target for Pan-Coronavirus Inhibitors. PLoS Pathog. 2011 Oct 27;7(10):e1002331. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002331.; Chen Y, Su C, Ke M, Jin X, Xu L, Zhang Z, Wu A, Sun Y, Yang Z, Tien P, Ahola T, Liang Y, Liu X, Guo D. Biochemical and Structural Insights into the Mechanisms of SARS Coronavirus RNA Ribose 2'-O-Methylation by nsp16/nsp10 Protein Complex. PLoS Pathog. 2011 Oct 13;7(10):e1002294. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002294.; Daffis S, Szretter KJ, Schriewer J, Li J, Youn S, Errett J, Lin TY, Schneller S, Zust R, Dong H, Thiel V, Sen GC, Fensterl V, Klimstra WB, Pierson TC, Buller RM, Gale M, Shi PY, Diamond MS. 2'-O methylation of the viral mRNA cap evades host restriction by IFIT family members. Nature. 2010 Nov 18;468(7322):452–6. PMID: 21085181; PMCID: PMC3058805.; Frieman M, Ratia K, Johnston RE, Mesecar AD, Baric RS. 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Metabolites

3'-UMP

Formula: C9H13N2O9P (324.03586580000007)

CAS ID: 35170-03-7

Calcium cation

Formula: Ca (39.962591)

CAS ID: 14127-61-8

Potassium cation

Formula: K (38.963708)

CAS ID: 24203-36-9

ATP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O13P3 (502.9644492)

CAS ID:



Enzyme

EC Number name full name note
2.1.1.-
2.1.1.56 mRNA (guanine-N7)-methyltransferase S-adenosyl-L-methionine:mRNA (guanine-N7)-methyltransferase
2.1.1.57 methyltransferase cap1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine:5-(N7-methyl 5-triphosphoguanosine)-(ribonucleotide)-[mRNA] 2-O-methyltransferase
2.3.2.26 HECT-type E3 ubiquitin transferase [E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme]-S-ubiquitinyl-L-cysteine:[acceptor protein] ubiquitin transferase (isopeptide bond-forming)
2.3.2.27 RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase [E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme]-S-ubiquitinyl-L-cysteine:[acceptor protein] ubiquitin transferase (isopeptide bond-forming; RING-type)
2.7.1.28 triokinase ATP:D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphotransferase
2.7.1.29 glycerone kinase ATP:glycerone phosphotransferase
2.7.11.1 non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific)
2.7.7.48 RNA-directed RNA polymerase nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed)
2.7.7.50 mRNA guanylyltransferase GTP:mRNA guanylyltransferase
3.4.19.12 ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1
3.4.22.36 caspase-1
3.4.22.69 SARS coronavirus main proteinase
3.6.4.12 DNA helicase
3.6.4.13 RNA helicase
4.6.1.15 FAD-AMP lyase (cyclizing) FAD AMP-lyase (riboflavin-cyclic-4',5'-phosphate-forming)


Proteins

Protein ID name full name