Pathways Knowlegdes

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Pathway DOIs Note
superpathway of choline degradation to L-serine

Accession ID: BioCyc:HUMAN_PWY66-414
  • 10.1086/319520
Binzak BA, Wevers RA, Moolenaar SH, Lee Y, Hwu W, Poggi-Bach J, Engelke UFH, Hoard HM, Vockley JG, Vockley J. Cloning of Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase and a New Human Inborn Error of Metabolism, Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase Deficiency. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2001 Apr;68(4):839–47. doi: 10.1086/319520.
superpathway of methionine degradation

Accession ID: BioCyc:HUMAN_PWY-5328
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γ-butyrobetaine degradation

Accession ID: BioCyc:META_PWY-3621
  • 10.1128/jb.101.3.1094-1095.1970
Lindstedt G, Lindstedt S, Midtvedt T, Tofft M. Inducible ?-Butyrobetaine-Degrading Enzymes in Pseudomonas Species AK 1. J Bacteriol. 1970 Mar;101(3):1094–5. doi: 10.1128/jb.101.3.1094-1095.1970.
superpathway of L-methionine salvage and degradation

Accession ID: BioCyc:META_PWY-5328
  • 10.1016/0955-2863(90)90070-2
  • 10.1042/bj2340295
Finkelstein JD. Methionine metabolism in mammals. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 1990 May;1(5):228–37. doi: 10.1016/0955-2863(90)90070-2.; Paxton R, Scislowski PW, Davis EJ, Harris RA. Role of branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase in 2-oxobutyrate metabolism. Biochem J. 1986 Mar 01;234(2):295–303. PMID: 3718468; PMCID: PMC1146565.
glycine betaine biosynthesis I (Gram-negative bacteria)

Accession ID: BioCyc:ECOO157_BETSYN-PWY
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choline degradation I

Accession ID: BioCyc:ECOO157_CHOLINE-BETAINE-ANA-PWY
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glycine betaine biosynthesis I (Gram-negative bacteria)

Accession ID: BioCyc:AGRO_BETSYN-PWY
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glycine betaine degradation I

Accession ID: BioCyc:AURANTIMONAS_PWY-3661
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choline degradation I

Accession ID: BioCyc:SCO_CHOLINE-BETAINE-ANA-PWY
  • 10.1016/s1476-9271(02)00094-4
  • 10.1093/nar/28.1.27
Gattiker A, Michoud K, Rivoire C, Auchincloss AH, Coudert E, Lima T, Kersey P, Pagni M, Sigrist CJA, Lachaize C, Veuthey A, Gasteiger E, Bairoch A. Automated annotation of microbial proteomes in SWISS-PROT. Computational Biology and Chemistry. 2003 Feb;27(1):49–58. doi: 10.1016/s1476-9271(02)00094-4.; Kanehisa M, Goto S. KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 01;28(1):27–30. PMID: 10592173; PMCID: PMC102409.
glycine betaine biosynthesis II (Gram-positive bacteria)

Accession ID: BioCyc:SCO_PWY-3722
  • 10.1016/s1476-9271(02)00094-4
  • 10.1093/nar/28.1.27
Gattiker A, Michoud K, Rivoire C, Auchincloss AH, Coudert E, Lima T, Kersey P, Pagni M, Sigrist CJA, Lachaize C, Veuthey A, Gasteiger E, Bairoch A. Automated annotation of microbial proteomes in SWISS-PROT. Computational Biology and Chemistry. 2003 Feb;27(1):49–58. doi: 10.1016/s1476-9271(02)00094-4.; Kanehisa M, Goto S. KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 01;28(1):27–30. PMID: 10592173; PMCID: PMC102409.
glycine betaine biosynthesis III (plants)

Accession ID: BioCyc:SCO_PWY1F-353
  • 10.1016/s1476-9271(02)00094-4
  • 10.1093/nar/28.1.27
Gattiker A, Michoud K, Rivoire C, Auchincloss AH, Coudert E, Lima T, Kersey P, Pagni M, Sigrist CJA, Lachaize C, Veuthey A, Gasteiger E, Bairoch A. Automated annotation of microbial proteomes in SWISS-PROT. Computational Biology and Chemistry. 2003 Feb;27(1):49–58. doi: 10.1016/s1476-9271(02)00094-4.; Kanehisa M, Goto S. KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 01;28(1):27–30. PMID: 10592173; PMCID: PMC102409.
glycine betaine biosynthesis II (Gram-positive bacteria)

Accession ID: BioCyc:BSUB_PWY-3722
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γ-butyrobetaine degradation

Accession ID: BioCyc:FLY_PWY-3621
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choline degradation I

Accession ID: BioCyc:PCHR_CHOLINE-BETAINE-ANA-PWY
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choline degradation I

Accession ID: BioCyc:THAPS_CHOLINE-BETAINE-ANA-PWY
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glycine betaine biosynthesis IV (from glycine)

Accession ID: BioCyc:META_P541-PWY
  • 10.1074/jbc.m210970200
  • 10.1074/jbc.m910111199
  • 10.1128/aem.67.5.2044-2050.2001
Waditee R, Tanaka Y, Aoki K, Hibino T, Jikuya H, Takano J, Takabe T, Takabe T. Isolation and Functional Characterization ofN-Methyltransferases That Catalyze Betaine Synthesis from Glycine in a Halotolerant Photosynthetic Organism Aphanothece halophytica. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 Feb;278(7):4932–42. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m210970200.; Nyysso¨la¨ A, Reinikainen T, Leisola M. Characterization of Glycine Sarcosine N -Methyltransferase and Sarcosine Dimethylglycine N -Methyltransferase. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 May;67(5):2044–50. doi: 10.1128/aem.67.5.2044-2050.2001.; Nyyssölä A, Kerovuo J, Kaukinen P, von Weymarn N, Reinikainen T. Extreme Halophiles Synthesize Betaine from Glycine by Methylation. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2000 Jul;275(29):22196–201. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m910111199.
choline degradation IV

Accession ID: BioCyc:META_PWY-7494
  • 10.1104/pp.88.3.695
  • 10.1128/ec.00348-12
Lambou K, Pennati A, Valsecchi I, Tada R, Sherman S, Sato H, Beau R, Gadda G, Latgé JP. Pathway of glycine betaine biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus. Eukaryot Cell. 2013 Jun;12(6):853–63. PMID: 23563483; PMCID: PMC3675988.; Lerma C, Hanson AD, Rhodes D. Oxygen-18 and deuterium labeling studies of choline oxidation by spinach and sugar beet. Plant Physiol. 1988 Nov;88(3):695–702. PMID: 16666370; PMCID: PMC1055647.
choline degradation I

Accession ID: BioCyc:META_CHOLINE-BETAINE-ANA-PWY
  • 10.1128/jb.170.7.3142-3149.1988
Smith LT, Pocard JA, Bernard T, Le Rudulier D. Osmotic control of glycine betaine biosynthesis and degradation in Rhizobium meliloti. J Bacteriol. 1988 Jul;170(7):3142–9. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.7.3142-3149.1988.
glycine betaine biosynthesis I (Gram-negative bacteria)

Accession ID: BioCyc:ECO_BETSYN-PWY
  • 10.1128/jb.165.3.856-863.1986
Styrvold OB, Falkenberg P, Landfald B, Eshoo MW, Bjørnsen T, Strøm AR. Selection, mapping, and characterization of osmoregulatory mutants of Escherichia coli blocked in the choline-glycine betaine pathway. J Bacteriol. 1986 Mar;165(3):856–63. doi: 10.1128/jb.165.3.856-863.1986.
choline degradation I

Accession ID: BioCyc:CAULO_CHOLINE-BETAINE-ANA-PWY
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