The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision)
von Lintig J. Metabolism of Carotenoids and Retinoids Related to Vision. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2012 Jan;287(3):1627–34. doi: 10.1074/jbc.r111.303990.; D'Ambrosio DN, Clugston RD, Blaner WS. Vitamin A metabolism: an update. Nutrients. 2011 Jan;3(1):63–103. PMID: 21350678; PMCID: PMC3042718.; von Lintig J, Kiser PD, Golczak M, Palczewski K. The biochemical and structural basis for trans-to-cis isomerization of retinoids in the chemistry of vision. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 2010 Jul;35(7):400–10. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2010.01.005.; Blomhoff R, Blomhoff HK. Overview of retinoid metabolism and function. J Neurobiol. 2006 Jun;66(7):606–30. doi: 10.1002/neu.20242. PMID: 16688755.
Metabolites
Enzyme
| EC Number | name | full name | note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.300 | NADP-retinol dehydrogenase | retinol:NADP+ oxidoreductase | |
| 1.14.14.79 | docosahexaenoic acid omega-hydroxylase | docosahexaenoate,[reduced NADPH-hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (22-hydroxydocosahexaenoate forming) | |
| 1.14.14.80 | long-chain fatty acid omega-monooxygenase | long-chain fatty acid,[reduced NADPH-hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (omega-hydroxylating) | |
| 2.3.1.135 | phosphatidylcholine-retinol O-acyltransferase | phosphatidylcholine:retinol---[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] O-acyltransferase | |
| 3.1.1.64 | retinoid isomerohydrolase | all-trans-retinyl ester acylhydrolase, 11-cis retinol forming | |
| 5.3.3.22 | lutein isomerase | lutein DELTA4-DELTA5-isomerase | |
| 7.6.2.1 | P-type phospholipid transporter | ATP phosphohydrolase (P-type, phospholipid-flipping) |
Proteins
| Protein ID | name | full name |
|---|