Pathways Knowlegdes
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| Pathway | DOIs | Note |
|---|---|---|
| echinenone and zeaxanthin biosynthesis (Synechocystis) Accession ID: BioCyc:META_PWY-7638 |
|
Breitenbach J, Gerjets T, Sandmann G. Catalytic properties and reaction mechanism of the CrtO carotenoid ketolase from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2013 Jan;529(2):86–91. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.11.003.; Misawa N. Carotenoid ß-ring hydroxylase and ketolase from marine bacteria-promiscuous enzymes for synthesizing functional xanthophylls. Mar Drugs. 2011;9(5):757–71. PMID: 21673887; PMCID: PMC3111180.; Mochimaru M, Masukawa H, Maoka T, Mohamed HE, Vermaas WFJ, Takaichi S. Substrate Specificities and Availability of Fucosyltransferase and ß-Carotene Hydroxylase for Myxol 2'-Fucoside Synthesis in Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120 Compared with Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803. J Bacteriol. 2008 Oct 15;190(20):6726–33. doi: 10.1128/jb.01881-07.; Makino T, Harada H, Ikenaga H, Matsuda S, Takaichi S, Shindo K, Sandmann G, Ogata T, Misawa N. Characterization of cyanobacterial carotenoid ketolase CrtW and hydroxylase CrtR by complementation analysis in Escherichia coli. Plant Cell Physiol. 2008 Dec;49(12):1867–78. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcn169. PMID: 18987067.; Takaichi S, Mochimaru M. Carotenoids and carotenogenesis in cyanobacteria: unique ketocarotenoids and carotenoid glycosides. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2007 Jul 23;64(19-20):2607. doi: 10.1007/s00018-007-7190-z.; Choi SK, Harada H, Matsuda S, Misawa N. Characterization of two beta-carotene ketolases, CrtO and CrtW, by complementation analysis in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Jul;75(6):1335–41. doi: 10.1007/s00253-007-0967-z. PMID: 17415558.; Choi SK, Matsuda S, Hoshino T, Peng X, Misawa N. Characterization of bacterial beta-carotene 3,3'-hydroxylases, CrtZ, and P450 in astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway and adonirubin production by gene combination in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006 Oct;72(6):1238–46. doi: 10.1007/s00253-006-0426-2. PMID: 16614859.; Zhu C, Yamamura S, Nishihara M, Koiwa H, Sandmann G. cDNAs for the synthesis of cyclic carotenoids in petals of Gentiana lutea and their regulation during flower development. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 2003 Feb;1625(3):305–8. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4781(03)00017-4.; Takaichi S, Maoka T, Masamoto K. Myxoxanthophyll in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is myxol 2'-dimethyl-fucoside, (3R,2'S)-myxol 2'-(2,4-di-O-methyl-alpha-L-fucoside), not rhamnoside. Plant Cell Physiol. 2001 Jul;42(7):756–62. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pce098. PMID: 11479383.; Lagarde D, Beuf L, Vermaas W. Increased Production of Zeaxanthin and Other Pigments by Application of Genetic Engineering Techniques to Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Jan;66(1):64–72. doi: 10.1128/aem.66.1.64-72.2000.; Linden H. Carotenoid hydroxylase from Haematococcus pluvialis: cDNA sequence, regulation and functional complementation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1999 Sep;1446(3):203–12. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00088-3.; Lagarde D, Vermaas W. The zeaxanthin biosynthesis enzyme beta-carotene hydroxylase is involved in myxoxanthophyll synthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. FEBS Lett. 1999 Jul 09;454(3):247–51. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00817-0. PMID: 10431816.; Masamoto K, Misawa N, Kaneko T, Kikuno R, Toh H. Beta-carotene hydroxylase gene from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Plant Cell Physiol. 1998 May;39(5):560–4. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029405. PMID: 9664719.; Bouvier F, Keller Y, d'Harlingue A, Camara B. Xanthophyll biosynthesis: molecular and functional characterization of carotenoid hydroxylases from pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism. 1998 Apr;1391(3):320–8. doi: 10.1016/s0005-2760(98)00029-0.; Fraser PD, Shimada H, Misawa N. Enzymic confirmation of reactions involved in routes to astaxanthin formation, elucidated using a direct substrate in vitro assay. European Journal of Biochemistry. 1998 Mar;252(2):229–36. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2520229.x.; Fernández-González B, Sandmann G, Vioque A. A new type of asymmetrically acting beta-carotene ketolase is required for the synthesis of echinenone in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. J Biol Chem. 1997 Apr 11;272(15):9728–33. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.15.9728. PMID: 9092504.; Fraser PD, Miura Y, Misawa N. In Vitro Characterization of Astaxanthin Biosynthetic Enzymes. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1997 Mar;272(10):6128–35. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.10.6128.; Sun Z, Gantt E, Cunningham FX. Cloning and functional analysis of the beta-carotene hydroxylase of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem. 1996 Oct 04;271(40):24349–52. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.40.24349. PMID: 8798688.; Kaneko T, Sato S, Kotani H, Tanaka A, Asamizu E, Nakamura Y, Miyajima N, Hirosawa M, Sugiura M, Sasamoto S, Kimura T, Hosouchi T, Matsuno A, Muraki A, Nakazaki N, Naruo K, Okumura S, Shimpo S, Takeuchi C, Wada T, Watanabe A, Yamada M, Yasuda M, Tabata S. Sequence analysis of the genome of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. II. Sequence determination of the entire genome and assignment of potential protein-coding regions. DNA Res. 1996 Jun 30;3(3):109–36. doi: 10.1093/dnares/3.3.109. PMID: 8905231. |
| astaxanthin biosynthesis (bacteria, fungi, algae) Accession ID: BioCyc:META_PWY-5288 |
|
Makino T, Harada H, Ikenaga H, Matsuda S, Takaichi S, Shindo K, Sandmann G, Ogata T, Misawa N. Characterization of cyanobacterial carotenoid ketolase CrtW and hydroxylase CrtR by complementation analysis in Escherichia coli. Plant Cell Physiol. 2008 Dec;49(12):1867–78. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcn169. PMID: 18987067.; Choi SK, Matsuda S, Hoshino T, Peng X, Misawa N. Characterization of bacterial beta-carotene 3,3'-hydroxylases, CrtZ, and P450 in astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway and adonirubin production by gene combination in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006 Oct;72(6):1238–46. doi: 10.1007/s00253-006-0426-2. PMID: 16614859.; Cunningham FX, Gantt E. A study in scarlet: enzymes of ketocarotenoid biosynthesis in the flowers of Adonis aestivalis. The Plant Journal. 2005 Jan 11;41(3):478–92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02309.x.; Zhu C, Yamamura S, Nishihara M, Koiwa H, Sandmann G. cDNAs for the synthesis of cyclic carotenoids in petals of Gentiana lutea and their regulation during flower development. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 2003 Feb;1625(3):305–8. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4781(03)00017-4.; Linden H. Carotenoid hydroxylase from Haematococcus pluvialis: cDNA sequence, regulation and functional complementation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1999 Sep;1446(3):203–12. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00088-3.; Bouvier F, Keller Y, d'Harlingue A, Camara B. Xanthophyll biosynthesis: molecular and functional characterization of carotenoid hydroxylases from pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism. 1998 Apr;1391(3):320–8. doi: 10.1016/s0005-2760(98)00029-0.; Fraser PD, Shimada H, Misawa N. Enzymic confirmation of reactions involved in routes to astaxanthin formation, elucidated using a direct substrate in vitro assay. European Journal of Biochemistry. 1998 Mar;252(2):229–36. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2520229.x.; Fraser PD, Miura Y, Misawa N. In Vitro Characterization of Astaxanthin Biosynthetic Enzymes. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1997 Mar;272(10):6128–35. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.10.6128.; Sun Z, Gantt E, Cunningham FX. Cloning and functional analysis of the beta-carotene hydroxylase of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem. 1996 Oct 04;271(40):24349–52. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.40.24349. PMID: 8798688.; SEYBOLD A, GOODWIN TW. Occurrence of astaxanthin in the flower petals of Adonis annua L. Nature. 1959 Nov 28;184 (Suppl 22)():1714–5. doi: 10.1038/1841714a0. PMID: 14445279. |
| astaxanthin biosynthesis (bacteria, fungi, algae) Accession ID: PlantCyc:CHLAMY_PWY-5288 |
|
Choi SK, Matsuda S, Hoshino T, Peng X, Misawa N. Characterization of bacterial beta-carotene 3,3'-hydroxylases, CrtZ, and P450 in astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway and adonirubin production by gene combination in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006 Oct;72(6):1238–46. doi: 10.1007/s00253-006-0426-2. PMID: 16614859.; Cunningham FX, Gantt E. A study in scarlet: enzymes of ketocarotenoid biosynthesis in the flowers of Adonis aestivalis. The Plant Journal. 2005 Jan 11;41(3):478–92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02309.x.; Zhu C, Yamamura S, Nishihara M, Koiwa H, Sandmann G. cDNAs for the synthesis of cyclic carotenoids in petals of Gentiana lutea and their regulation during flower development. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 2003 Feb;1625(3):305–8. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4781(03)00017-4.; Linden H. Carotenoid hydroxylase from Haematococcus pluvialis: cDNA sequence, regulation and functional complementation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1999 Sep;1446(3):203–12. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00088-3.; Bouvier F, Keller Y, d'Harlingue A, Camara B. Xanthophyll biosynthesis: molecular and functional characterization of carotenoid hydroxylases from pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism. 1998 Apr;1391(3):320–8. doi: 10.1016/s0005-2760(98)00029-0.; Fraser PD, Shimada H, Misawa N. Enzymic confirmation of reactions involved in routes to astaxanthin formation, elucidated using a direct substrate in vitro assay. European Journal of Biochemistry. 1998 Mar;252(2):229–36. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2520229.x.; Fraser PD, Miura Y, Misawa N. In Vitro Characterization of Astaxanthin Biosynthetic Enzymes. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1997 Mar;272(10):6128–35. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.10.6128.; Sun Z, Gantt E, Cunningham FX. Cloning and functional analysis of the beta-carotene hydroxylase of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem. 1996 Oct 04;271(40):24349–52. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.40.24349. PMID: 8798688.; SEYBOLD A, GOODWIN TW. Occurrence of astaxanthin in the flower petals of Adonis annua L. Nature. 1959 Nov 28;184 (Suppl 22)():1714–5. doi: 10.1038/1841714a0. PMID: 14445279. |
| astaxanthin biosynthesis (bacteria, fungi, algae) Accession ID: PlantCyc:PLANT_PWY-5288 |
|
Choi SK, Matsuda S, Hoshino T, Peng X, Misawa N. Characterization of bacterial beta-carotene 3,3'-hydroxylases, CrtZ, and P450 in astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway and adonirubin production by gene combination in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006 Oct;72(6):1238–46. doi: 10.1007/s00253-006-0426-2. PMID: 16614859.; Cunningham FX, Gantt E. A study in scarlet: enzymes of ketocarotenoid biosynthesis in the flowers of Adonis aestivalis. The Plant Journal. 2005 Jan 11;41(3):478–92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02309.x.; Zhu C, Yamamura S, Nishihara M, Koiwa H, Sandmann G. cDNAs for the synthesis of cyclic carotenoids in petals of Gentiana lutea and their regulation during flower development. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 2003 Feb;1625(3):305–8. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4781(03)00017-4.; Linden H. Carotenoid hydroxylase from Haematococcus pluvialis: cDNA sequence, regulation and functional complementation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1999 Sep;1446(3):203–12. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00088-3.; Bouvier F, Keller Y, d'Harlingue A, Camara B. Xanthophyll biosynthesis: molecular and functional characterization of carotenoid hydroxylases from pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism. 1998 Apr;1391(3):320–8. doi: 10.1016/s0005-2760(98)00029-0.; Fraser PD, Shimada H, Misawa N. Enzymic confirmation of reactions involved in routes to astaxanthin formation, elucidated using a direct substrate in vitro assay. European Journal of Biochemistry. 1998 Mar;252(2):229–36. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2520229.x.; Fraser PD, Miura Y, Misawa N. In Vitro Characterization of Astaxanthin Biosynthetic Enzymes. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1997 Mar;272(10):6128–35. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.10.6128.; Sun Z, Gantt E, Cunningham FX. Cloning and functional analysis of the beta-carotene hydroxylase of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem. 1996 Oct 04;271(40):24349–52. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.40.24349. PMID: 8798688.; SEYBOLD A, GOODWIN TW. Occurrence of astaxanthin in the flower petals of Adonis annua L. Nature. 1959 Nov 28;184 (Suppl 22)():1714–5. doi: 10.1038/1841714a0. PMID: 14445279. |
| astaxanthin biosynthesis (bacteria, fungi, algae) Accession ID: PlantCyc:VCARTERI_PWY-5288 |
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