RHO GTPases Activate Formins

Kühn S, Geyer M. Formins as effector proteins of Rho GTPases. Small GTPases. 2014;5():e29513. PMID: 24914801; PMCID: PMC4111664.; Colón-Franco JM, Gomez TS, Billadeau DD. Dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton by FMNL1? is required for structural maintenance of the Golgi complex. J Cell Sci. 2011 Sep 15;124(Pt 18):3118–26. PMID: 21868368; PMCID: PMC3172187.; Vega FM, Fruhwirth G, Ng T, Ridley AJ. RhoA and RhoC have distinct roles in migration and invasion by acting through different targets. J Cell Biol. 2011 May 16;193(4):655–65. PMID: 21576392; PMCID: PMC3166870.; Cheng L, Zhang J, Ahmad S, Rozier L, Yu H, Deng H, Mao Y. Aurora B Regulates Formin mDia3 in Achieving Metaphase Chromosome Alignment. Developmental Cell. 2011 Mar;20(3):342–52. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.01.008.; Fan L, Pellegrin S, Scott A, Mellor H. The small GTPase Rif is an alternative trigger for the formation of actin stress fibers in epithelial cells. J Cell Sci. 2010 Apr 15;123(Pt 8):1247–52. PMID: 20233848; PMCID: PMC2848113.; Kitzing TM, Wang Y, Pertz O, Copeland JW, Grosse R. Formin-like 2 drives amoeboid invasive cell motility downstream of RhoC. Oncogene. 2010 Apr 22;29(16):2441–8. doi: 10.1038/onc.2009.515. PMID: 20101212.; Wallar BJ, Deward AD, Resau JH, Alberts AS. RhoB and the mammalian Diaphanous-related formin mDia2 in endosome trafficking. Exp Cell Res. 2007 Feb 01;313(3):560–71. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.10.033. PMID: 17198702.; Seth A, Otomo C, Rosen MK. Autoinhibition regulates cellular localization and actin assembly activity of the diaphanous-related formins FRLalpha and mDia1. J Cell Biol. 2006 Aug 28;174(5):701–13. PMID: 16943183; PMCID: PMC2064313.; Nezami AG, Poy F, Eck MJ. Structure of the autoinhibitory switch in formin mDia1. Structure. 2006 Feb;14(2):257–63. doi: 10.1016/j.str.2005.12.003. PMID: 16472745.; Kovar DR, Harris ES, Mahaffy R, Higgs HN, Pollard TD. Control of the assembly of ATP- and ADP-actin by formins and profilin. Cell. 2006 Jan 27;124(2):423–35. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.11.038. PMID: 16439214.; Lammers M, Rose R, Scrima A, Wittinghofer A. The regulation of mDia1 by autoinhibition and its release by Rho*GTP. EMBO J. 2005 Dec 07;24(23):4176–87. PMID: 16292343; PMCID: PMC1356318.; Fernandez-Borja M, Janssen L, Verwoerd D, Hordijk P, Neefjes J. RhoB regulates endosome transport by promoting actin assembly on endosomal membranes through Dia1. J Cell Sci. 2005 Jun 15;118(Pt 12):2661–70. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02384. PMID: 15944396.; Romero S, Le Clainche C, Didry D, Egile C, Pantaloni D, Carlier MF. Formin is a processive motor that requires profilin to accelerate actin assembly and associated ATP hydrolysis. Cell. 2004 Oct 29;119(3):419–29. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.039. PMID: 15507212.; Yasuda S, Oceguera-Yanez F, Kato T, Okamoto M, Yonemura S, Terada Y, Ishizaki T, Narumiya S. Cdc42 and mDia3 regulate microtubule attachment to kinetochores. Nature. 2004 Apr 15;428(6984):767–71. doi: 10.1038/nature02452. PMID: 15085137.; Xu Y, Moseley JB, Sagot I, Poy F, Pellman D, Goode BL, Eck MJ. Crystal structures of a Formin Homology-2 domain reveal a tethered dimer architecture. Cell. 2004 Mar 05;116(5):711–23. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00210-7. PMID: 15006353.; Li F, Higgs HN. The mouse Formin mDia1 is a potent actin nucleation factor regulated by autoinhibition. Curr Biol. 2003 Aug 05;13(15):1335–40. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00540-2. PMID: 12906795.; Miralles F, Posern G, Zaromytidou AI, Treisman R. Actin dynamics control SRF activity by regulation of its coactivator MAL. Cell. 2003 May 02;113(3):329–42. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00278-2. PMID: 12732141.; Gasman S, Kalaidzidis Y, Zerial M. RhoD regulates endosome dynamics through Diaphanous-related Formin and Src tyrosine kinase. Nat Cell Biol. 2003 Mar;5(3):195–204. doi: 10.1038/ncb935. PMID: 12577064.; Habas R, Kato Y, He X. Wnt/Frizzled activation of Rho regulates vertebrate gastrulation and requires a novel Formin homology protein Daam1. Cell. 2001 Dec 28;107(7):843–54. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00614-6. PMID: 11779461.; Yayoshi-Yamamoto S, Taniuchi I, Watanabe T. FRL, a Novel Formin-Related Protein, Binds to Rac and Regulates Cell Motility and Survival of Macrophages. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2000 Sep 01;20(18):6872–81. doi: 10.1128/mcb.20.18.6872-6881.2000.; Tominaga T, Sahai E, Chardin P, McCormick F, Courtneidge SA, Alberts AS. Diaphanous-related formins bridge Rho GTPase and Src tyrosine kinase signaling. Mol Cell. 2000 Jan;5(1):13–25. doi: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80399-8. PMID: 10678165.; Bione S, Sala C, Manzini C, Arrigo G, Zuffardi O, Banfi S, Borsani G, Jonveaux P, Philippe C, Zuccotti M, Ballabio A, Toniolo D. A Human Homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster diaphanous Gene Is Disrupted in a Patient with Premature Ovarian Failure: Evidence for Conserved Function in Oogenesis and Implications for Human Sterility. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 1998 Mar;62(3):533–41. doi: 10.1086/301761.

Metabolites

H2O

Formula: H2O (18.0105642)

CAS ID: 7732-18-5

Magnesium cation

Formula: Mg (23.98505)

CAS ID: 22537-22-0

ATP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O13P3 (502.9644492)

CAS ID:

GTP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O14P3 (518.9593642)

CAS ID: 86527-72-2

ADP(3-)

Formula: C10H12N5O10P2 (424.0059412)

CAS ID:



Enzyme

EC Number name full name note
2.3.2.-
2.7.11.1 non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific)
2.7.11.21 polo kinase ATP:protein phosphotransferase (spindle-pole-dependent)
3.1.3.16 protein-serine/threonine phosphatase protein-serine/threonine-phosphate phosphohydrolase
3.6.4.12 DNA helicase
3.6.5.2 small monomeric GTPase GTP phosphohydrolase (cell-regulating)


Proteins

Protein ID name full name