Intracellular signaling by second messengers

Levine TP, Patel S. Signalling at membrane contact sites: two membranes come together to handle second messengers. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2016 Apr;39():77–83. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.02.011. PMID: 26922871.; Raker VK, Becker C, Steinbrink K. The cAMP Pathway as Therapeutic Target in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases. Front. Immunol. 2016 Mar 31;7(). doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00123.; Kang D, Yang YR, Lee C, Kim S, Ryu SH, Suh P. Roles of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C?1 in brain development. Advances in Biological Regulation. 2016 Jan;60():167–73. doi: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.10.002.; Pinto MC, Kihara AH, Goulart VA, Tonelli FM, Gomes KN, Ulrich H, Resende RR. Calcium signaling and cell proliferation. Cell Signal. 2015 Nov;27(11):2139–49. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.08.006. PMID: 26275497.; Ahmad F, Murata T, Shimizu K, Degerman E, Maurice D, Manganiello V. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: important signaling modulators and therapeutic targets. Oral Dis. 2015 Jan;21(1):e25–50. PMID: 25056711; PMCID: PMC4275405.

Metabolites

Calcium cation

Formula: Ca (39.962591)

CAS ID: 14127-61-8

H+

Formula: H (1.0078246)

CAS ID: 12408-02-5

H2O

Formula: H2O (18.0105642)

CAS ID: 7732-18-5

Magnesium cation

Formula: Mg (23.98505)

CAS ID: 22537-22-0

ATP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O13P3 (502.9644492)

CAS ID:

GTP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O14P3 (518.9593642)

CAS ID: 86527-72-2

ADP(3-)

Formula: C10H12N5O10P2 (424.0059412)

CAS ID:

3',5'-cyclic AMP(1-)

Formula: C10H11N5O6P (328.0446936)

CAS ID: 62906-31-4



Enzyme

EC Number name full name note
2.3.2.27 RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase [E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme]-S-ubiquitinyl-L-cysteine:[acceptor protein] ubiquitin transferase (isopeptide bond-forming; RING-type)


Proteins

Protein ID name full name