Telomere Maintenance

de Lange T. Shelterin: the protein complex that shapes and safeguards human telomeres. Genes Dev. 2005 Sep 15;19(18):2100–10. doi: 10.1101/gad.1346005. PMID: 16166375.; Smogorzewska A, de Lange T. Regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins. Annu Rev Biochem. 2004;73():177–208. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.071403.160049. PMID: 15189140.; Vega LR, Mateyak MK, Zakian VA. Getting to the end: telomerase access in yeast and humans. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2003 Dec 01;4(12):948–59. doi: 10.1038/nrm1256.; Wright WE, Tesmer VM, Huffman KE, Levene SD, Shay JW. Normal human chromosomes have long G-rich telomeric overhangs at one end. Genes Dev. 1997 Nov 01;11(21):2801–9. PMID: 9353250; PMCID: PMC316649.; Nakamura TM, Morin GB, Chapman KB, Weinrich SL, Andrews WH, Lingner J, Harley CB, Cech TR. Telomerase catalytic subunit homologs from fission yeast and human. Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):955–9. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5328.955. PMID: 9252327.; Lingner J, Hughes TR, Shevchenko A, Mann M, Lundblad V, Cech TR. Reverse transcriptase motifs in the catalytic subunit of telomerase. Science. 1997 Apr 25;276(5312):561–7. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5312.561. PMID: 9110970.; Makarov VL, Hirose Y, Langmore JP. Long G tails at both ends of human chromosomes suggest a C strand degradation mechanism for telomere shortening. Cell. 1997 Mar 07;88(5):657–66. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81908-x. PMID: 9054505.; Feng J, Funk WD, Wang S, Weinrich SL, Avilion AA, Chiu C, Adams RR, Chang E, Allsopp RC, Yu J, Le S, West MD, Harley CB, Andrews, WH, Greider CW, Villeponteau B. The RNA Component of Human Telomerase. Science. 1995 Sep;269(5228):1236–41. doi: 10.1126/science.7544491.; Harley CB, Futcher AB, Greider CW. Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature. 1990 May 31;345(6274):458–60. doi: 10.1038/345458a0. PMID: 2342578.; Morin GB. The human telomere terminal transferase enzyme is a ribonucleoprotein that synthesizes TTAGGG repeats. Cell. 1989 Nov 03;59(3):521–9. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90035-4. PMID: 2805070.; Meyne J, Ratliff RL, Moyzis RK. Conservation of the human telomere sequence (TTAGGG)n among vertebrates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1989 Sep;86(18):7049–53. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.18.7049.; Greider CW, Blackburn EH. A telomeric sequence in the RNA of Tetrahymena telomerase required for telomere repeat synthesis. Nature. 1989 Jan 26;337(6205):331–7. doi: 10.1038/337331a0. PMID: 2463488.; Moyzis RK, Buckingham JM, Cram LS, Dani M, Deaven LL, Jones MD, Meyne J, Ratliff RL, Wu JR. A highly conserved repetitive DNA sequence, (TTAGGG)n, present at the telomeres of human chromosomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1988 Sep;85(18):6622–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.18.6622.; Greider CW, Blackburn EH. Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts. Cell. 1985 Dec;43(2 Pt 1):405–13. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90170-9. PMID: 3907856.; Blackburn EH, Gall JG. A tandemly repeated sequence at the termini of the extrachromosomal ribosomal RNA genes in Tetrahymena. Journal of Molecular Biology. 1978 Mar;120(1):33–53. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90294-2.; Olovnikov AM. A theory of marginotomy. The incomplete copying of template margin in enzymic synthesis of polynucleotides and biological significance of the phenomenon. J Theor Biol. 1973 Sep 14;41(1):181–90. doi: 10.1016/0022-5193(73)90198-7. PMID: 4754905.; Watson JD. Origin of concatemeric T7 DNA. Nat New Biol. 1972 Oct 18;239(94):197–201. doi: 10.1038/newbio239197a0. PMID: 4507727.

Metabolites

H+

Formula: H (1.0078246)

CAS ID: 12408-02-5

H2O

Formula: H2O (18.0105642)

CAS ID: 7732-18-5

ATP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O13P3 (502.9644492)

CAS ID:

ADP(3-)

Formula: C10H12N5O10P2 (424.0059412)

CAS ID:



Enzyme

EC Number name full name note
3.1.-.-
2.7.11.22 cyclin-dependent kinase ATP:cyclin phosphotransferase
2.7.7.49 RNA-directed DNA polymerase deoxynucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase (RNA-directed)
2.7.7.7 DNA-directed DNA polymerase deoxynucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed)
3.1.3.16 protein-serine/threonine phosphatase protein-serine/threonine-phosphate phosphohydrolase
3.6.4.12 DNA helicase
5.6.2.3 DNA 5'-3' helicase DNA 5'-3' helicase (ATP-hydrolysing)
6.5.1.1 DNA ligase (ATP) poly(deoxyribonucleotide)-3'-hydroxyl:5'-phospho-poly(deoxyribonucleotide) ligase (ATP)


Proteins

Protein ID name full name