Visual phototransduction

Korenbrot JI. Speed, sensitivity, and stability of the light response in rod and cone photoreceptors: Facts and models. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2012 Sep;31(5):442–66. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.05.002.; von Lintig J. Metabolism of Carotenoids and Retinoids Related to Vision. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2012 Jan;287(3):1627–34. doi: 10.1074/jbc.r111.303990.; Kefalov VJ. Rod and Cone Visual Pigments and Phototransduction through Pharmacological, Genetic, and Physiological Approaches. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2012 Jan;287(3):1635–41. doi: 10.1074/jbc.r111.303008.; Wang J, Kefalov VJ. The Cone-specific visual cycle. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2011 Mar;30(2):115–28. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.11.001.; D'Ambrosio DN, Clugston RD, Blaner WS. Vitamin A metabolism: an update. Nutrients. 2011 Jan;3(1):63–103. PMID: 21350678; PMCID: PMC3042718.; von Lintig J, Kiser PD, Golczak M, Palczewski K. The biochemical and structural basis for trans-to-cis isomerization of retinoids in the chemistry of vision. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 2010 Jul;35(7):400–10. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2010.01.005.; Burns ME, Pugh EN. Lessons from photoreceptors: turning off g-protein signaling in living cells. Physiology (Bethesda). 2010 Apr;25(2):72–84. PMID: 20430952; PMCID: PMC2880230.; Blomhoff R, Blomhoff HK. Overview of retinoid metabolism and function. J Neurobiol. 2006 Jun;66(7):606–30. doi: 10.1002/neu.20242. PMID: 16688755.; Harrison EH. Mechanisms of digestion and absorption of dietary vitamin A. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25():87–103. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092614. PMID: 16011460.; Wolf G. The visual cycle of the cone photoreceptors of the retina. Nutr Rev. 2004 Jul;62(7 Pt 1):283–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00053.x. PMID: 15384919.; Harrison EH, Hussain MM. Mechanisms Involved in the Intestinal Digestion and Absorption of Dietary Vitamin A. The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 May;131(5):1405–8. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.5.1405.; Pugh EN, Lamb TD. Amplification and kinetics of the activation steps in phototransduction. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1993 Mar;1141(2-3):111–49. doi: 10.1016/0005-2728(93)90038-h.

Metabolites

11-cis-Retinal

Formula: C20H28O (284.2140038)

CAS ID: 564-87-4

11-cis-Retinol

Formula: C20H30O (286.229653)

CAS ID: 22737-96-8

11-cis-Retinyl palmitate

Formula: C36H60O2 (524.459306)

CAS ID: 51249-33-3

Calcium cation

Formula: Ca (39.962591)

CAS ID: 14127-61-8

Cobalt

Formula: Co (58.933198)

CAS ID: 7440-48-4

H+

Formula: H (1.0078246)

CAS ID: 12408-02-5

H2O

Formula: H2O (18.0105642)

CAS ID: 7732-18-5

Retinal

Formula: C20H28O (284.2140038)

CAS ID: 116-31-4

Retinol

Formula: C20H30O (286.229653)

CAS ID: 68-26-8

palmitoyl-CoA(4-)

Formula: C37H62N7O17P3S (1001.3135592)

CAS ID: 1763-10-6

NADPH(4-)

Formula: C21H26N7O17P3 (741.0598016)

CAS ID: 53-57-6

ATP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O13P3 (502.9644492)

CAS ID:

GTP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O14P3 (518.9593642)

CAS ID: 86527-72-2

ADP(3-)

Formula: C10H12N5O10P2 (424.0059412)

CAS ID:

NADP(3-)

Formula: C21H25N7O17P3 (740.051977)

CAS ID: 53-59-8



Enzyme

EC Number name full name note
2.3.1.20 diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase acyl-CoA:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol O-acyltransferase
2.3.1.76 retinol O-fatty-acyltransferase acyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
2.3.1.97 glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase tetradecanoyl-CoA:N-terminal-glycine-[protein] N-tetradecanoyltransferase
3.4.11.18 methionyl aminopeptidase


Proteins

Protein ID name full name