Antimicrobial resistance

Urban-Chmiel R, Marek A, Stepien-Pysniak D, Wieczorek K, Dec M, Nowaczek A, Osek J. Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria-A Review. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 Aug 09;11(8). PMID: 36009947; PMCID: PMC9404765.; Alav I, Kobylka J, Kuth MS, Pos KM, Picard M, Blair JMA, Bavro VN. Structure, Assembly, and Function of Tripartite Efflux and Type 1 Secretion Systems in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Chem. Rev. 2021 Apr 28;121(9):5479–596. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00055.; Tong C, Hu H, Chen G, Li Z, Li A, Zhang J. Disinfectant resistance in bacteria: Mechanisms, spread, and resolution strategies. Environ Res. 2021 Apr;195():110897. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110897. PMID: 33617866.; Peterson E, Kaur P. Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria: Relationships Between Resistance Determinants of Antibiotic Producers, Environmental Bacteria, and Clinical Pathogens. Front Microbiol. 2018;9():2928. PMID: 30555448; PMCID: PMC6283892.; Van Acker H, Coenye T. The Role of Efflux and Physiological Adaptation in Biofilm Tolerance and Resistance. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2016 Jun;291(24):12565–72. doi: 10.1074/jbc.r115.707257.; Doi Y, Wachino JI, Arakawa Y. Aminoglycoside Resistance: The Emergence of Acquired 16S Ribosomal RNA Methyltransferases. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2016 Jun;30(2):523–37. PMID: 27208771; PMCID: PMC4878400.; Van Acker H, Van Dijck P, Coenye T. Molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial tolerance and resistance in bacterial and fungal biofilms. Trends Microbiol. 2014 Jun;22(6):326–33. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.02.001. PMID: 24598086.; Aminov RI, Mackie RI. Evolution and ecology of antibiotic resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2007 Jun;271(2):147–61. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00757.x. PMID: 17490428.

Metabolites

H+

Formula: H (1.0078246)

CAS ID: 12408-02-5

H2O

Formula: H2O (18.0105642)

CAS ID: 7732-18-5

Magnesium cation

Formula: Mg (23.98505)

CAS ID: 22537-22-0

benzylpenicillin(1-)

Formula: C16H17N2O4S (333.0908982)

CAS ID: 54836-26-9

ATP(4-)

Formula: C10H12N5O13P3 (502.9644492)

CAS ID:

ADP(3-)

Formula: C10H12N5O10P2 (424.0059412)

CAS ID:



Enzyme

EC Number name full name note
7.6.2.-
3.5.2.6 beta-lactamase beta-lactam hydrolase
5.6.2.2 DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)


Proteins

Protein ID name full name
P0A3M3 bla Beta-lactamase OXA-9
P0AES4 gyrA DNA gyrase subunit A
P0AES6 gyrB DNA gyrase subunit B
P62593 bla Beta-lactamase TEM
P75831 macB Macrolide export ATP-binding/permease protein MacB
Q9F663 KPC-2 Carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase KPC-2