Lignin biosynthesis

Li X, Yang Y, Yao J, Chen G, Li X, Zhang Q, Wu C. FLEXIBLE CULM 1 encoding a cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase controls culm mechanical strength in rice. Plant Mol Biol. 2009 Apr;69(6):685–97. doi: 10.1007/s11103-008-9448-8. PMID: 19116760.; De Azevedo Souza C, Barbazuk B, Ralph SG, Bohlmann J, Hamberger B, Douglas CJ. Genome-wide analysis of a land plant-specific acyl:coenzymeA synthetase (ACS) gene family in Arabidopsis, poplar, rice and Physcomitrella. New Phytologist. 2008 Aug 06;179(4):987–1003. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02534.x.; Zhang K, Qian Q, Huang Z, Wang Y, Li M, Hong L, Zeng D, Gu M, Chu C, Cheng Z. GOLD HULL AND INTERNODE2 encodes a primarily multifunctional cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase in rice. Plant Physiol. 2006 Mar;140(3):972–83. PMID: 16443696; PMCID: PMC1400561.; Kawasaki T, Koita H, Nakatsubo T, Hasegawa K, Wakabayashi K, Takahashi H, Umemura K, Umezawa T, Shimamoto K. Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, is an effector of small GTPase Rac in defense signaling in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jan 03;103(1):230–5. PMID: 16380417; PMCID: PMC1325009.; Tobias CM, Chow EK. Structure of the cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase gene family in rice and promoter activity of a member associated with lignification. Planta. 2005 Mar;220(5):678–88. doi: 10.1007/s00425-004-1385-4. PMID: 15452707.; Zhao Y, Kung SD, Dube SK. Nucleotide sequence of rice 4-coumarate:CoA ligase gene, 4-CL.1. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Oct 25;18(20):6144. PMID: 2235510; PMCID: PMC332433.

Metabolites

4-Coumaroylshikimate

Formula: C16H16O7 (320.0895986)

CAS ID: 196496-50-1

Caffeoyl-CoA

Formula: C30H42N7O19P3S (929.1468972000001)

CAS ID: 53034-79-0

CoA

Formula: C21H36N7O16P3S (767.1152046000001)

CAS ID: 85-61-0

Coniferyl alcohol

Formula: C10H12O3 (180.0786402)

CAS ID: 32811-40-8

Coniferyl aldehyde

Formula: C10H10O3 (178.062991)

CAS ID: 458-36-6

Feruloyl-CoA

Formula: C31H44N7O19P3S (943.1625464)

CAS ID: 142185-30-6

H+

Formula: H (1.0078246)

CAS ID: 12408-02-5

H2O

Formula: H2O (18.0105642)

CAS ID: 7732-18-5

NADP+

Formula: C21H29N7O17P3 (744.0832754)

CAS ID: 53-59-8

NADPH

Formula: C21H30N7O17P3 (745.0911)

CAS ID: 2646-71-1

Oxygen

Formula: O2 (31.98983)

CAS ID: 7782-44-7

p-Coumaroyl-CoA

Formula: C30H42N7O18P3S (913.1519822000001)

CAS ID: 119785-99-8

Quinate

Formula: C7H12O6 (192.0633852)

CAS ID: 77-95-2

Shikimate

Formula: C7H10O5 (174.052821)

CAS ID: 138-59-0

Sinapoyl aldehyde

Formula: C11H12O4 (208.0735552)

CAS ID: 4206-58-0



Enzyme

EC Number name full name note


Proteins

Protein ID name full name