violacein biosynthesis

Hoshino T. Violacein and related tryptophan metabolites produced by Chromobacterium violaceum: biosynthetic mechanism and pathway for construction of violacein core. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2011 Jul 22;91(6):1463–75. doi: 10.1007/s00253-011-3468-z.; Jiang PX, Wang HS, Zhang C, Lou K, Xing XH. Reconstruction of the violacein biosynthetic pathway from Duganella sp. B2 in different heterologous hosts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010 Apr;86(4):1077–88. doi: 10.1007/s00253-009-2375-z. PMID: 20012278.; Chiu HT, Lin YC, Lee MN, Chen YL, Wang MS, Lai CC. Biochemical characterization and substrate specificity of the gene cluster for biosyntheses of K-252a and its analogs by in vitro heterologous expression system of Escherichia coli. Mol Biosyst. 2009 Oct;5(10):1192–203. doi: 10.1039/b912395b. PMID: 19756309.; MOMEN AZMR, HOSHINO T. Biosynthesis of Violacein: Intact Incorporation of the Tryptophan Molecule on the Oxindole Side, with Intramolecular Rearrangement of the Indole Ring on the 5-Hydroxyindole Side. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2000 Jan;64(3):539–49. doi: 10.1271/bbb.64.539.

Metabolites

CO2

Formula: CO2 (43.98983)

CAS ID: 124-38-9

Fe2+

Formula: Fe (55.934939)

CAS ID: 15438-31-0

H+

Formula: H (1.0078246)

CAS ID: 12408-02-5

H2O

Formula: H2O (18.0105642)

CAS ID: 7732-18-5

Hydrogen peroxide

Formula: H2O2 (34.0054792)

CAS ID: 7722-84-1

Oxygen

Formula: O2 (31.98983)

CAS ID: 7782-44-7



Enzyme

EC Number name full name note
1.21.98.-
1.11.1.6 catalase hydrogen-peroxide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase
1.14.13.217 protodeoxyviolaceinate monooxygenase protodeoxyviolaceinate,NAD(P)H:O2 oxidoreductase
1.14.13.224 violacein synthase protoviolaceinate,NAD(P)H:O2 oxidoreductase
1.4.3.23 7-chloro-L-tryptophan oxidase 7-chloro-L-tryptophan:oxygen oxidoreductase


Proteins

Protein ID name full name
Q9S3U8 vioD vioD - hydroxylase
Q9S3U9 vioC vioC monooxygenase
Q9S3V0 vioB VioB - polyketide synthase
Q9S3V1 vioA vioA - tryptophan 2-monooxygenase