Stachydrine (BioCAD00000017952)

blood feces saliva urine placenta

Metabolite Card

Formula: C7H13NO2 (143.0946)
SMILES: C[N+]1(C)CCC[C@H]1C([O-])=O

Synonyms [en]

stachydrine; proline betaine; L-proline betaine; Prestwick-08G03; (S)-2-Carboxylato-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidinium; (2S)-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidinium-2-carboxylate

Reviewed

Last reviewed on 2024-06-28.

Cite this Page

Stachydrine. 数据之源，洞见之始. SMRUCC genomics institute, a synthetic life researcher from China. https://biocad_registry.innovation.ac.cn/s/(-)-arctiin (retrieved 2026-01-03) (CAD Registry RN: BioCAD00000017952). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Note

Proline betaine is an osmoprotective compound found in urine. It is thought to serve an osmoprotective role for the kidney. Proline betaine is a glycine betaine analogue found in many citrus foods. Elevated levels of proline betaine in human urine are found after the consumption of citrus fruits and juices (PMID: 18060588). Proline betaine is a biomarker for the consumption of citrus fruits.

Entity Information

DBLinks

Other DBLinks
  • CAS Registry Number: 18636-55-0
  • CAS Registry Number: 471-87-4
  • CAS Registry Number: 4773-82-4
  • PubChem: 115244
  • ChEBI: ChEBI:35280
  • HMDB: HMDB0004827
  • HMDB: HMDB04827
  • KEGG: C10172
  • BioCyc: CPD-821
  • NCBI MeSH: stachydrine
  • DrugBank: DB04284
  • RefMet: RM0012987
  • MoNA: Alkaloids000368
  • MoNA: MoNA010435
  • MoNA: MoNA010436
  • MoNA: MoNA010437
  • MoNA: MoNA010438
  • MoNA: MoNA010439
  • MoNA: MoNA010440
  • MoNA: TOF_alkaloids_pos000294
  • Metlin: METLIN_7089
  • Coconut NaturalProduct: CNP0024865.0
  • Coconut NaturalProduct: CNP0191084.0
  • Coconut NaturalProduct: CNP0596963.1

Class / Ontology

Metabolic Network
ID EC Number Name
KEGG:R11631 5.1.1.22 proline-betaine 2-epimerase
KEGG:R12511 1.14.13.247 L-proline betaine,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (formaldehyde-forming)
KEGG:R12512 1.14.13.247 L-proline betaine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (formaldehyde-forming)
KEGG:R13185 2.1.1.388 L-proline betaine:[Co(I) quaternary-amine-specific corrinoid protein] Co-methyltransferase
BioCyc:TRANS-RXN-324 7.6.2.9 CPD-821 + ATP + WATER --> CPD-821 + ADP + Pi + PROTON
Rhea:RHEA:19358 1.14.13.247 L-proline betaine + NADPH + O2 + H+ => N-methyl-L-proline + formaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
Rhea:RHEA:19359 1.14.13.247 N-methyl-L-proline + formaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O => L-proline betaine + NADPH + O2 + H+
Rhea:RHEA:19360 1.14.13.247 L-proline betaine + NADPH + O2 + H+ <=> N-methyl-L-proline + formaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
Rhea:RHEA:51885 5.1.1.22 L-proline betaine => D-proline betaine
Rhea:RHEA:51886 5.1.1.22 D-proline betaine => L-proline betaine
Rhea:RHEA:51887 5.1.1.22 L-proline betaine <=> D-proline betaine
Rhea:RHEA:61617 1.14.13.247 L-proline betaine + NADH + O2 + H+ => N-methyl-L-proline + formaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
Rhea:RHEA:61618 1.14.13.247 N-methyl-L-proline + formaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O => L-proline betaine + NADH + O2 + H+
Rhea:RHEA:61619 1.14.13.247 L-proline betaine + NADH + O2 + H+ <=> N-methyl-L-proline + formaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
Rhea:RHEA:75880 2.1.1.388 Co(I)-[quaternary-amine-specific corrinoid protein] + L-proline betaine + H+ => methyl-Co(III)-[quaternary-amine-specific corrinoid protein] + N-methyl-L-proline
Rhea:RHEA:75881 2.1.1.388 methyl-Co(III)-[quaternary-amine-specific corrinoid protein] + N-methyl-L-proline => Co(I)-[quaternary-amine-specific corrinoid protein] + L-proline betaine + H+
Rhea:RHEA:75882 2.1.1.388 Co(I)-[quaternary-amine-specific corrinoid protein] + L-proline betaine + H+ <=> methyl-Co(III)-[quaternary-amine-specific corrinoid protein] + N-methyl-L-proline
BioCyc:RXN-21062 2.1.1.- CPD-821 + CoI-MtpC-Proteins + PROTON --> Methylated-MtpC-Proteins + CPD-904
BioCyc:RXN-15941 5.1.1.22 CPD-821<=>CPD-17175
BioCyc:R501-RXN 1.14.13.247 CPD-821 + NADH-P-OR-NOP + OXYGEN-MOLECULE + PROTON --> CPD-904 + FORMALDEHYDE + NAD-P-OR-NOP + WATER
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Organism Source

Taxonomy Source

  1. Achillea collina [ncbi taxid: 282730]
  2. Achillea millefolium [ncbi taxid: 13329]
  3. Achillea millefolium var. lanulosa [ncbi taxid: 282742]
  4. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae [ncbi taxid: 715]
  5. Amoora yunnanensis [ncbi taxid: ]
  6. Annona rensoniana [ncbi taxid: 1129537]
  7. Arachniodes dimorphophylla [ncbi taxid: 872350]
  8. Aristolochia maxima [ncbi taxid: 158557]
  9. Artemisia vachanica [ncbi taxid: 1903237]
  10. Asphodelus microcarpus [ncbi taxid: ]
  11. Bergenia purpurascens [ncbi taxid: 482967]
  12. Betonica officinalis [ncbi taxid: 53173]
  13. Betula mandshurica [ncbi taxid: ]
  14. Bischofia trifoliata [ncbi taxid: ]
  15. Capparis aegyptia [ncbi taxid: ]
  16. Capparis deserti [ncbi taxid: ]
  17. Capparis leucophylla [ncbi taxid: ]
  18. Capparis spinosa [ncbi taxid: 65558]
  19. Capparis spinosa L. [ncbi taxid: ]
  20. Capparis tomentosa [ncbi taxid: 202775]
  21. Caragana tibetica [ncbi taxid: 390503]
  22. Chrysolina fastuosa [ncbi taxid: 75514]
  23. Citrus grandis [ncbi taxid: ]
  24. Citrus natsudaidai [ncbi taxid: 109792]
  25. Citrus reticulata [ncbi taxid: 85571]
  26. Citrus unshiu [ncbi taxid: 55188]
  27. Combretum micranthum [ncbi taxid: 578542]
  28. Cotoneaster orbicularis [ncbi taxid: 1851000]
  29. Crataegus sinaica [ncbi taxid: 298646]
  30. Cudrania tricuspidata [ncbi taxid: ]
  31. Desmodium triflorum [ncbi taxid: ]
  32. Discaria crenata [ncbi taxid: ]
  33. Dolichospermum affine [ncbi taxid: 119677]
  34. Eremostachys speciosa [ncbi taxid: ]
  35. Erythrina variegata [ncbi taxid: 3845]
  36. Euphorbia ferganensis [ncbi taxid: 1333909]
  37. Ganoderma australe [ncbi taxid: 34457]
  38. Gardenia jasminoides [ncbi taxid: 114476]
  39. Heliotropium crassifolium [ncbi taxid: ]
  40. Homo sapiens [ncbi taxid: 9606]
  41. Isodon rubescens [ncbi taxid: 587669]
  42. Jasminum officinale [ncbi taxid: 126433]
  43. Julocroton camporum [ncbi taxid: ]
  44. Lagochilus inebrians Bge. [ncbi taxid: ]
  45. Lagochilus pubescens [ncbi taxid: 2039851]
  46. Lagochilus setulosus [ncbi taxid: 2039856]
  47. Lamium album L. [ncbi taxid: ]
  48. Lasiocephalus ovatus [ncbi taxid: 422332]
  49. Leonurus heterophyllus [ncbi taxid: ]
  50. Leonurus sibiricus [ncbi taxid: ]
  51. Leonurus turkestanicus [ncbi taxid: 445401]
  52. Ligularia platyglossa [ncbi taxid: 262739]
  53. Macrotyloma axillare [ncbi taxid: 3876]
  54. Malus asiatica [ncbi taxid: 106548]
  55. Medicago sativa [ncbi taxid: 3879]
  56. Mikania obtusata [ncbi taxid: 2855424]
  57. Mola mola [ncbi taxid: 94237]
  58. Montrouziera sphaeroidea [ncbi taxid: 198781]
  59. Mycetinis scorodonius [ncbi taxid: 182058]
  60. Nephroma antarcticum [ncbi taxid: 209560]
  61. Oreosolen wattii [ncbi taxid: ]
  62. Osteospermum spinescens [ncbi taxid: 2803975]
  63. Pentapora fascialis [ncbi taxid: 1118983]
  64. Phalium undulatum [ncbi taxid: ]
  65. Phlegmariurus phlegmaria [ncbi taxid: 41007]
  66. Phomopsis archeri [ncbi taxid: ]
  67. Phyllanthus assamicus [ncbi taxid: 1384177]
  68. Phyllospongia madagascarensis [ncbi taxid: ]
  69. Pimpinella saxifraga [ncbi taxid: 40959]
  70. Pithecellobium clypearia [ncbi taxid: ]
  71. Plenodomus wasabiae [ncbi taxid: 118260]
  72. Polygala myrtifolia [ncbi taxid: 292129]
  73. Rapanea myricoides [ncbi taxid: ]
  74. Rhodiola krylovii [ncbi taxid: ]
  75. Sabia schumanniana [ncbi taxid: 1705973]
  76. Sarcomelicope argyrophylla [ncbi taxid: 1226109]
  77. Scorodophloeus zenkeri [ncbi taxid: 162902]
  78. Solanum bahamense [ncbi taxid: 329764]
  79. Stachys balansae [ncbi taxid: 1007628]
  80. Stachys betoniciflora [ncbi taxid: ]
  81. Stachys betonicifolia [ncbi taxid: ]
  82. Stachys hissarica [ncbi taxid: ]
  83. Stachys lanata [ncbi taxid: ]
  84. Stachys tuberifera [ncbi taxid: ]
  85. Stachys tubifera [ncbi taxid: ]
  86. Streptomyces purpeofuscus [ncbi taxid: ]
  87. Tinospora smilacina [ncbi taxid: 461643]
  88. Tridacna gigas [ncbi taxid: 80829]
  89. Trigonostemon reidioides [ncbi taxid: 2606832]
  90. Tropaeolum speciosum [ncbi taxid: 147033]
  91. Tropiometra afra [ncbi taxid: 707739]
  92. Urtica cannabina [ncbi taxid: 546995]
  93. Uvaria ovata [ncbi taxid: 2986195]
  94. Vatica diospyroides [ncbi taxid: 340447]
  95. Wallago attu [ncbi taxid: 36718]

Pathway Synthetic

pathway id name
BioCyc:META_P561-PWY proline betaine degradation
BioCyc:AGRO_P561-PWY proline betaine degradation
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